Analysis of Act 1 Essay

A form of love expressed within ‘Romeo and Juliet’ is the â€Å"love at first sight† that Romeo feels upon seeing Juliet for the first time. In Shakespearean times, platonic love was prominent and this is clear in Romeo’s soliloquy. â€Å"Beauty too rich for use, for earth too dear† implies Juliet is angelic, demonstrating Romeo’s instant affection for her. Angel is within the semantic field of religion, a very important factor in the time with which the play is set and therefore illustrates not only Romeo’s apparent need to shower her with praise and affection, but also how serious his feelings actually are. Religious imagery is used again in stating â€Å"and touching hers, make blessed my rude hand† yet again suggesting that Juliet is a saint and that by touching her Romeo would become â€Å"blessed†. This, however, portrays Romeo’s beliefs within love. As mentioned, platonic love was the general way in which relationships at the time were, so by Romeo stating that he should touch her shows his forwardness and his almost childlike, selfish tendencies proving his obsession with love. Later within Act 1, Scene 5, however, Romeo and Juliet share a sonnet upon first meeting. The sonnet is the ultimate display of love and by speaking it together, Shakespeare allows the audience to understand that the two are not only seriously in love, but also share a very pure and unadulterated love- one that is beyond all other love. Shakespeare also displays how, now after seeing Juliet, Romeo has completely dismissed Rosaline, who he was irrevocably in love with not long before hand. â€Å"Did my heart love till now? Forswear it, sight. For I ne’er saw true beauty till this night† emphasises this by stating both the beauty of Juliet to be above all others and states that the beauty he believed Rosaline to have was not indeed so, quite ironically as four scenes previously he stated that she was â€Å"fair† and â€Å"exquisite†, yet again exposes Romeo’s fickle behaviour in terms of love. Romeo also declares â€Å"so shows a snowy dove trooping with crows† showing his dismissal of what he felt for Rosaline. The sentence is antithesis, demonstrating Romeo’s opinion that Juliet is exemplary again, â€Å"crows† being opposed to doves but also connoting death, expressing the extremity of Romeo’s statement. Romeo’s love for Juliet does appear as though genuine. The first few lines of the soliloquy mostly contain monosyllabic words and are very simple in both style of speech and and the intelligence of the vocabulary. This shows the sincerity of his love as it is completely opposed to when he was speaking of Rosaline. Where his speech then was organised and intentionally melancholy and philosophical, this is his first and genuine opinion of Juliet and her beauty. The soliloquy also consists of five rhyming couplets conveying the speech as romantic, as rhyming couplets are a poetic technique which in turn is considered romantic.

Brock article 1 Essay

(10) In understanding the idea presented by Brock as far as the idea of professional norms are voluntarily adopted, it is essential to point out the two elements that go together with it. The first one involves the creation of norms and values of a specific profession that is often imposed unto its members (Brock,). In this idea, the organization should also coordinate and collaborate with related agencies and institutions that specialize in such area. The second idea refers to the ability of each professional to directly adhere to the norms his/her organization provides (Brock,). It is through such entry that the individual takes on these facets accordingly. (11) The term conventional compromise provided by Brock in the article revolves around the question and issue of moral implications in the practice and facilitation of medicine. Under this facet, the term revolves around a â€Å"physician/pharmacist who has a serious moral objection providing a service/product to a patient/customer is not required to do so† (Brock, 2008, p. 194). At the same time, it is in here that there are several conditions that must also be looked into before saying that a particular case or issue has undergone a conventional compromise. These facets include (1) proper information so as to the facilitation of service/product, (2) proper referrals to other professionals who can provide, and (3) the second facet will not cause burden or difficulty for the patient (Brock, 2008). Under the first facet, there needs to be proper support and ground for the facilitation of a service or mechanism so as to fit the described example. It is in here that active communication about the practice must be given to any patient before declining its prescription or rendering of service (Brock, 2008). On the second facet, it requires the ability of any medical professional to have access to networks that have relatively opinions as theirs as far as the issue is concerned. This will then satisfy the condition that patients can seek for alternatives of providers of such device/service (Brock, 2008). Lastly, there must be careful consideration as far as its suitability and preference of patients are concerned. Since these ideas are prone to subjectivity, medical professionals must then establish these areas to connote the term conventional compromise (Brock, 2008) (12) In responding to the case of the pharmacist, Brock would probably argue against the notion set by the pharmacist. This is because this profession is part of an organization wherein the norms and objectives are stipulated accordingly (Brock, 2008). The action committed by the person is only a matter of moral conscience and does not solely revolve around the basic standpoint of the profession. Likewise, foregoing the facilitation of contraceptives as an option disregards the fact that the organization he/she is part of considers this as an option for practice (Brock, 2008). These are some tenets that is included when she agreed to be part of the institution and agency and collaborated with standards provided by concerned agencies (Brock, 2008). Seeing this disposition, Brock would then argue to the pharmacist that he/she practice a conventional compromise wherein she will actively provide and designate a professional who may think and view the issue differently from his/her perspective. This a way to protect both the opinion and value set of the pharmacist and ability of the patient to recognize the possible options available for him/her (Brock, 2008). By doing this, it can prevent conflict and questions surrounding the ability of such medical professional to provide numerous options for patients despite the differences in opinions and values. Reference Brock, D. W. (2008) Conscientious refusal by physicians and pharmacists: who is obligated and why? in Springer Science. Retrieved June 25, 2009. 187-200.

Major Component Agencies of the Dhs Essay

This paper will discuss what are the major component agencies of DHS and their primary functions. Major Component Agencies of the DHS Major agencies of the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) are; The Directorate for National Protection and Programs, The Science and Technology Directorate, The Office of Health Affairs, The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), U. S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP), Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE), The Office of Investigations, The Office of Detention and Removal Operations, The Federal Protective Service, The Office of Intelligence, The Office of Intelligence and Analysis, The Office of Operations Coordination, The Domestic Nuclear Detection Office, The Transportation Administration (TSA), The Federal Law Enforcement Training Center (FLETC), The Citizenship and Immigration Services, The Coast Guard, and The Secret Service. Their Primary Functions The Directorate for National Protection and Programs has five divisions that work to advance the DHS’s risk-reduction mission. The primary development and research arm of the department belongs to the Science and Technology Directorate. The Office of Health Affairs coordinates all medical activities to ensure appropriate preparation for the response to incidents having medical significance. The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) manages federal response and recovery efforts following any national incident, administers the National Flood Insurance Program, and prepares the nation for hazards. The CBP prevents terrorists and their weapons from entering the United States. They are responsible for protecting U. S. borders, while simultaneously facilitating the flow of legitimate trade and travel. The largest investigative arm of DHS is ICE. They are responsible for identifying and shutting down vulnerabilities both in the nation’s borders and in economic, infrastructure security, and transportation. The Office of Investigations investigates a wide range of international and domestic activities that violate customs laws and immigration and threatens national security. The department who is ensures the departure from the United States of all illegal aliens through the fair enforcement of the nation’s immigration laws is the Office of Detention and Removal Operations. The Federal Protective Service is responsible for securing, ensuring a safe environment, and policing in which federal agencies can conduct their business at more than 8,800 federal facilities nationwide. Collecting, analyzing, and disseminating strategic and tactical intelligence data belongs to the Office of Intelligence. The Office of Intelligence and Analysis is responsible for using information and intelligence from multiple sources to identify and assess current and future threats to the U. S. The responsibility for monitoring the security of the U. S. on a daily basis and coordinating activities within the department and with governors, law enforcement partners, DHS advisors, and critical infrastructure operators in all fifty states and more than fifty major urban areas nationwide falls under the Office of Operations Coordination. The Domestic Nuclear Detection Office works to enhance the nuclear detection efforts of federal, tribal, states, territorial, and local governments and the private sector and to ensure a coordinated response to such threats. This department protects the nation’s transportation systems. In addition, agents also inspect air carrier operations to the United States, fly air marshal missions, assess security of airports overseas, and training overseas security personnel is TSA. The FLETC provides career–long training to law enforcement professionals to help them fulfill their responsibilities safely and proficiently. The Citizenship and Immigration Services is responsible for the administration of immigration and naturalization adjudication functions and the establishment of immigration service’s policies and priorities. This department is also consider a military department, which protects the public, the environment, and U. S. economic interests in the nation’s ports, along the coast, on international waters, on its waterways, or in any maritime region as required to support national security. Finally, we have the Secret Service who protects the president and other high-level officials and investigates counterfeiting and other financial crimes, identity theft, computer fraud, including financial institution fraud, and computer-based attacks on our nation’s financial, banking, and telecommunications infrastructure. Final Thoughts The Department of Homeland Security was activated in January 2003 from the Homeland Security Act of 2002 to help combat terrorism after the September 11 attacks on the United States. An outline is provided of what happened when the DHS was formed. Our lives in the United States as we knew it, has forever been changed since 9-1-1. We still have a long way to go to become more aware and secure, but it is not impossible. There are still many loopholes to tackle, red tape to cut, and the lack of proper equipment and training which still needs to be addressed on a continuous basis. On March 1, 2003, the DHS absorbed the Immigration and Naturalization Service and assumed its duties. By doing this, it divided the enforcement and services functions into two separate and new agencies: ICE and Citizenship and Immigration Services. The investigative divisions and intelligence gathering units of the INS and Customs Service were merged forming Homeland Security Investigations. Additionally, the border enforcement functions of the INS, including the U.S. Border Patrol, the U.S. Customs Service, and the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service were consolidated into a new agency under DHS: U.S. Customs and Border Protection (Creation of DHS, n.d.). References Creation-department-homeland-security, n.d. Retrieved on 1215/2012 from http://www.dhs.gov/creation-department-homeland-security Peak, K. J., 2012. Policing America challenges and best practices. Retrieved on 12/15/2012 from Chapter Two, Pages 44-48.

NELP REPORT CHAPTER SUMMARY AND ANALYSIS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

NELP REPORT CHAPTER SUMMARY AND ANALYSIS - Essay Example The research points out receptive and expressive skills. Receptive skills range from simple decoding to reading comprehension while expressive skills include spelling and composition. Further the analysis is divided into primary and secondary analyses. Primary analyses try to identify preschool and kindergarten predictors of conventional literacy skills. While secondary analyses are about the questions concerning the age of assessment for the predictor variable and the age of assessment for the measurement of the conventional literacy outcome variable. Since accuracy of statistics is not perfect therefore Confidence Interval is used to measure the estimate of accuracy. Data about different skills related to decoding reveal strong relationship for Alphabet Knowledge (AK) while moderate relation for Phonological Awareness (PA), oral language, ability to write and concept about print. The data about skills related to reading reveal moderate relationship for AK, print knowledge, PA and r apid naming while a low correlations for phonological STM, oral language, and writing. The data about skills related to spelling show an average correlation for concepts about print and PA skills, while moderate relationship was found for oral language skills, writing, phonological STM and rapid naming of objects or colors.

Strategic management analysis of Starbucks Assignment

Strategic management analysis of Starbucks - Assignment Example This study proposes to evaluate Starbucks from a strategic viewpoint. In this context of the study, the United States segment of the company will be evaluated. It will also shed light on the coffee industry of USA. The primary rationale behind the industry analysis is to measure attractiveness of this industry. The attractiveness of the industry will be gauged by using PORTER’s five forces framework analysis. Apart from that the external business environment will be also analysed using PESTEL analysis. The next portion will be about identifying the strengths and weaknesses of the company. This will be done with the help of a SWOT framework. In addition, the study will also emphasize on the capabilities, core competencies and resources. Starbucks: A Brief Overview The history of Starbucks Corporation dates back to the early 1970s, when the company was founded by the famous Jerry Baldwin, Gordon Bowker and Zev Siegl (Starbucks, n.d.). Since the time of its foundation, the motto of the company has been to offer unique and special experience to the customers whenever they visit a Starbucks store and taste coffee. Starbucks is presently headquartered at Seattle, Washington, U.S (Dess, Lumpkin and Eisner, 2009, p.557). The company operates with around 6705 company owned stores, and 4,082 licensed stores throughout the United Stated. However from a global perspective, the company operates with 20,366 stores and has presence in 61 countries of the world. It sells hot drinks, foods and retail merchandising items. Starbucks has staggering employee strengths of 1, 50,000. As of financial year end 2012, the net revenue of the company was US$ 13.29 billion. Some of the major competitors of the company are Dunkin' Brands Group, Inc., McDonalds, Nestle, Yum Brands, KFC and Wendy's International, Inc (Yahoo Finance, n.d.). TASK A – Market Environment Analysis Micro Environment Analysis Coffee is admired as one of the most precious agricultural commodities and thu s the coffee industry is also witnessing strong growths globally. With strong and established players such as Starbucks and availability of mass customer makes it one of the potential industries of the world. Now to get deeper insights of the micro environment and to measure the attractiveness of the coffee industry of USA an in depth industry analysis will be carried out. To do so PORTER’S five forces framework will be employed. Porter’s five forces is one of the widely used tools to determine the competitive forces of the industry. The five forces of the industry as portrayed by Michael Porter are the threat of the new entrants within the industry, threat of the substitute products, and intensity of the existing rivalry within the industry, bargaining power of the suppliers and finally the bargaining power of the buyers. The analysis is shown below:- Threat of the substitute products The substitute products are the products that are not exactly the same as the core p roduct, but perform almost the similar function or provide the same benefit as given by the core product. In the context of Starbucks, the substitute products are soft drinks, energy drinks, coffee pills and caffeine. The consumption patterns

Compare and contrast Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 20

Compare and contrast - Essay Example ies Work, when discussing the language of film said that when he was a kid, â€Å"I thought that movies were made in an hour and a half and that they were shot in sequence.† I can relate to that statement prior to actually learning more about how to appreciate how films are made. I never realized that so many factors took place when creating the perfect scene. The plot, content, character, music, lighting and camera angles have to be just right in order to convey the message that the filmmakers want their audiences to see so that it is engaging. Now that I know a lot more about what goes in to making a film and that I realize that sometimes there are more methods of looking at a movie from a cinematographic perspective, it means something completely different. There are themes in movies that are underlying the whole plot and sometimes they can be difficult to identify. However, when looking at film, I realize I am able to do it with a more critical eye. It makes it harder to watch movies just for entertainment. I now find myself noticing simple jump cuts or if a portion of the plot is missing continuity. I had also never thought about the different places that I have watched films. If it were in the theater, on television, on a computer or a phone, some of the elements can get lost. Sure, a person is able to view a movie but not with the same impact. In a theater, it is easier to just get lost in the movie. The effects are so much more intense. I think of movies that I have seen on DVD or online and wish that they were something I had seen in the theater because it would have been a completely different experience. On a computer there are sometimes elements lost because of the aspect ratio on the screen. Parts of the film can get cut off. The same is true with watching it on a mobile phone. The movie picture is simply too small to be able to capture all of the elements so part of the message can get lost because it is harder to see little details

Idea Generation and Analysis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Idea Generation and Analysis - Research Paper Example OSHA official have extremely comprehensive rules that are difficult to be understood by both employers and employees. The most notable thing I believe is to ensure that a relationship is maintained between OSHA and the people they intend to protect. Forums should be put in place that employers and employees can be sensitized about safety and security around the boat yard. 2. In line with the first idea, there should be material distributed within the boat yards that would encourage safe working practices within the boat yard. Small screens could be placed in common areas that employees take their breaks, and the screens should show clips of the various kinds of hazards that the workers are exposed to. The video should show how the accidents could occur and after which show how the accidents can be avoided. 3. There should be hazard signs placed at high risk areas. The signs should indicate what risk the worker might be exposing themselves to. For instance, if the surface where the worker is working on is slippery, there could be a hazard indicating there is a wet surface ahead; making the worker more alert to the danger. These hazards could be accompanied by voiceovers since some workers might be too distracted to see signs, and they would be at risk. 4. Workers might have a common are where they go into change into their work clothes when they report to work. The management could put up check lists at exists of the changing rooms. This checklists should be both visual and textual as they would attract more attention. â€Å"Do you have you helmet on†, and beside that a picture of a hard hat. Ensuring that the workers have the right gear on would reduce the risk of injury should something go wrong. 5. OSHA should not only enforce rules but should also encourage the adaptation of safe working practices within boat yards. They could encourage employee efforts

Remote surgery, the challenges and opportunities Essay

Remote surgery, the challenges and opportunities - Essay Example Despite the new discoveries in the future there are many challenges and opportunities of technology in the field of healthcare. The following essay will discuss the challenges and opportunies of remote surgery (Lee 56) In remote cancer care, there have been challenges and opportunities experienced in healthcare. Cancer is associated with decreased productivity, death, physical and social problems in cancer patients and their household. Thus, cancer prevention, screening and making treatment in time is essential. Robot surgery has affected the cancer treatment arena.Computerrised and robotic devices can offer enhanced slightly by tremor abolishment, motion scaling, high quality pictures and visions for surgeons, decreased blood that is lost during invasive procedures, great reduction in narcotic use and reducing the number of days patients stay in hospital. All the same there are some challenges such as inadequate of surgical community support, high costs incurred during treatment, an absence of tactual and tactile response. In prostatectomy surgery challenges include inadequate data showing functional results compared to a single port laparoscopy or an open surgery .it has now been found that there are no clear corresponding clinical trials that prove the robotic surgery to be better than the other surgical practices. The other challenge is the licensing of robotic surgeons, this is because it is a critical area of surgery and the surgeons are expected to renew their license in order to show that they are competent in the skills required to fly the plane. The advantages in robotic surgery during prostatectomy include distinct cosmetics benefits and reduced blood loss. The idea that a small incision can be made done in the stomach compared to a big incision during the invasive procedures is quite interesting but this should be done after considering the expenses in terms of time and equipments if there is no

Network Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Network - Essay Example So, we use repeaters and hubs (as shown in Figure 1). Repeaters buffer the input signal and send the amplified version of the same signal to only the output port. Hubs are basically broadcasters (multiport repeaters). The signal is repeated to all ports other than the input port. Ethernet is a shared medium, so, all nodes use the same medium for transmission of data. When two nodes send data at the same instant, the data collides and its validity and integrity is compromised. Data has to be sent again. Although Ethernet uses CSMA/CD (Tanenbaum 2003) for collision yet there are still delays. So, networks are designed to avoid collisions while ensuring efficient utilization of bandwidth, providing good network throughput. In Figure 1, in case two nodes broadcast at the same time, collision occurs. Hubs/repeaters also limit the number of nodes that can be supported (see Table 1 (Technick n.d.)). So networks cannot expand beyond a limit. As at a time, the entire bandwidth can be utilized by only one node, so the overall throughput is limited. For avoiding collisions, the network traffic needs to be isolated. So the big networks are divided into smaller segments. These segments are connected together through bridges and switches. Bridges and switches (bridges with enhancements) are transparent intelligent devices that facilitate growth of LANs with the same underlying functionality. They can connect a node or a full Ethernet segment (with its own set of switches, hubs and repeaters) of even different LAN technologies on each of their ports (see Figure 2). They map the MAC addresses of nodes to each port. For each incoming frame the bridge/switch checks the destination MAC address. If the destination MAC lies on another port, only then it forwards, else it filters the frame thus keeping it within the segment it came from. The collision domain is separated. If there is a collision in one segment, the effect

Analysis of Walden Paddlers company business model Assignment

Analysis of Walden Paddlers company business model - Assignment Example Problems (1-3 problems) Walden Paddlers Company has been facing the following problems namely: 1. Whether the company should remaining being operated by two people, become a virtual corporation 2. Problem of finding alternative products 3. The problem of finding potential markets (Yang, 2015). Existing Alternatives Walden Paddlers Company had the following options; 1. Focus on kayak market and produce limited number of orders 2. Execute aggressive Kayak market expansion 3. Diversify into other recreational products. Solutions to each problem 1. The company grew tremendously, creating a need to grow virtually which made it able to reach customers located in different parts of the world 2. The company found a new alternative product called paddlers that were cheaper and affordable. 3. The Kayak market was full of giant companies; Walden focused on retail market segment and targeted school and college students (Yang, 2015) Key Metrics The key parameters, in this case, that shows the com pany success include; increase in revenues and sales volumes. i). Helping people to pursue outdoor paddling pleasure in a healthy way ii). To provide clean and suitable living by recycling waste products iii).

Initial Public Offering of Amphastar Pharmaceuticals Assignment - 2

Initial Public Offering of Amphastar Pharmaceuticals - Assignment Example This research will begin with the statement that the business of Amphastar Pharmaceuticals is the development, production and the marketing of both generic and proprietary inhalable and injectable chemicals in the USA. Currently, the company is selling fifteen products, while at the same time in the process of developing thirteen more proprietaries as well as seven generic product portfolios, which will feature in the market in the near future. Â  The company prides more in its high technical and technological capability that is the main business strength that enables the company overcome competition in its field, through the introduction of innovative technologies such as the production of a variety of pre-filled syringes, and metered-dose inhalation technology. The terms of the Initial Public Offering of the Amphastar Pharmaceuticals shares is through the use of prospectus, which acts as the registration statement for the shares, and the copies of the prospectus were being offered by the underwriters of the company shares, Jefferies LLC, from their offices. Thus, the press statements and advertisements of the IPO did not constitute an offer for sale, until the prospective buyer of the shares had obtained the copy of the prospectus and filled it. Therefore, the shares had been divided into various categories, comprising of 4,640,000 common stock shares that were directly offered by Amphastar Pharmaceuticals and common stock 3,360,000 shares that were being offered by the company’s stockholders. Additionally, the underwriters of the company, Jefferies LLC, are reserved 1,200,000 additional shares which were available for over-allotment, offered as an option for the prospective buyers to buy more shares. The company is offered 5,800,000 shares at an initial price of $7 per share, which constituted $40,900,000, but the Pharmaceutical Company paid a total of $6,200,000 in brokerage commissions and underwriting discounts, thus remaining with a total of $34, 700,000. The percentage of the commission to the broker-dealers, as well as the underwriter's discounts and other IPO issuing expenses, amounted to $6,200,000 of the total 40,900,000, which is approximately 15.2%.

Marjorie Abortion Essay Example for Free

Marjorie Abortion Essay Culture is a distinctive way of life of people or groups . Culture is manifested in all aspects of life which include norms and values such as age, language, gender and social values such as religion, marriage and rite of passage. Different cultural groups norms and values compare and contrast from one cultural group to another as shown in the table with a case study of western,African,Islamic,Hinduism and Chinese culture culture. Norms and values Comparison Contrast Age -In all the cultural groups one is considered of age of majority at 18 years. -The older command more respect from minors. -In western and Chinese culture,the old people are cared for in old age homes while in Africa Islamic,and Hindus culture, they live with their families. -In western culture children have their rights about their life but in Africa it’s dictated by their parents. Gender -In all cultural groups both gender are considered important in contributing to family life and economy in general. western and Chinese people gender have equal rights while African and Muslims men are superior and have more rights than women. Language -In all groups they use symbols verbal and non verbal to communicate which are either denotative or connotative. -Language is the main form of communication. -In western culture one language like English has a wide scope of usage. when it comes to Chinese people,almost every one born in china knows Chinese language and in African language is very narrow and it have been borrowed heavily from other languages. Social values all this culture have established away of life with acceptable social values -In all culture marriage is considered important for companionship and procreation. Chinese derive their values from Confucianism and taoism while in Islamic religion,they have developed their values around their religion. The western people have diversified social values depending with families and individual status where as the African values are continuously being westernized -In African culture marriage is only between couples of different sex but in western even same sex couples do marry -Hindus parent of the woman look for a prospective march a -Muslim and African men are polygamies Islamic. Rite of passage -Different stages of life for example birth, initiation and death are considered important and are marked with various ceremonies. -In western culture the practice are done in a special way such as in hospitals but in African they are done traditionally for example by diviners. -Hindus do bath and wrap their dead. -Muslim ensures that they bury their dead within the first day after they die Religion all culture recognize recognize supernatural being and believe there is God and also recognize evil -Worship is in churches in western and are Christians. Africa it is in sacred areas for example, under a sacred tree -Muslims worship in mosques. -Hindus worship in temples and pilgrimage and believe in many gods -Chinese goes to churches. Age influences learning as young people are more able to study, understand and conceptualize than the older people. Also due to age barrier the young may be unable to learn certain issues such as leadership. Where there is gender discrimination for instance, a girl child is discriminated and are not accessed to education . Where there is gender equality there is tendency of competition thus improving learning process. Learning will be slow where there is language barrier or if language needs to be translated from one to the other, this hampers understanding and communication. Social values influence learning for instance in Africa, after initiation girls went for marriage while boys became warriors. This curtails continuity with education. References: Marjorie Ebort,Margaret Gisler. (1999). career for culture lovers and other artsy types,McGraw-hill professional

Social and Economic Problems of the Arab World

Social and Economic Problems of the Arab World The Arab World refers to the 22 Arabic speaking countries located between the Atlantic Ocean in the west to the Arabian Sea in the east, and the Mediterranean Sea and Turkey in the north to the Indian Ocean and mid-Africa in the south. It consists of an area of around 14 million square kilometres, most of which is desert except for the coastal areas. There are approximately 250 million people living in the Arab World, with the majority being Muslims, although there are many from other religions too. Historically, the Arab World was not divided into states, but now it is, and its 22 countries form many popular regions such as the Gulf area, the Middle East, North Africa and the Sahara. History, language, religion are some of the many unifying factors that exist in the consciousness of every Arab man. After gaining independence, some Arab states and some memorable Arab leaders tried their best to reunify the Arab World, but their efforts were in vain, especially after many failed attem pts such as the rise of the United Arab Republic between Syria and Egypt in 1985. From then on, all Arab states set off on the journey of improving and developing themselves depending on their potential power. Although the Arab World is experiencing a state of stability, there are still many social and economical problems threatening the development of many of the Arab states. The first problem to discuss here is unemployment in Arab countries, which is the highest in the world and threatens to spread poverty in the Arab World; the increase in the number of workers was not matched by an equal increase in employment in the Arab World and with the collapse of the oil revenues and the implementation of stabilization and structural adjustment program, employment growth slowed or became negative; as a result unemployment increased (1). According to the annual report of the Arab Labor Organization, 14% of the population are unemployed, which means that there are more than 17 million Arab people without work. There are many reasons for this: first, the failure of development due to the political situation in the Arab World. Civil wars and conflicts are considered the main obstacles that hinder development. Second, the poor economic performance of the Arab governments due to poor administrative tools and corruption. Third, the failure of education to meet the requ irements of the job market and the neglect of technical and applied education, which is important to widen the labour market. Finally, the failure of the governments to create attractive investment opportunities that could increase the number of jobs that are available, and the weak laws that, if strengthened, could encourage investments. This dangerous problem has devastating effects, and so Arab states should do their best to encourage the private sector to increase the number of job opportunities for unemployed people. This can be achieved through issuing a number of laws to urge businessmen and companies to get involved in the national market. In addition to encouraging investment within the Arab World, investment in the Western countries should be encouraged, as well as opening the national market to foreign firms and companies to set up effective projects, which could help the national economy improve. Another social problem in the Arab World is that women do not have access to all of the rights stated in the Islam religion, despite the fact that the majority of Arabs are Muslims. In Islam, women have the right to learn, to live a good life, to agree or refuse marriage, to work, and many others, and it is totally forbidden to deny them of any of these. In the Arab World, many women are not given these rights, and in some Arab countries, girls under the age of 15 are forced to get married to older men without their consent. One example is a 12-year-old Yemeni girl, who was forced into marriage and then died during painful childbirth, which also killed her baby. Moreover, according to UN data, the proportion of womens representation in Arab parliaments is only 3.4% (as opposed to 11.4% in the rest of the world). In addition, 55% of Arab women are illiterate (2), and in many parts of the Arab World they are not allowed to continue their learning, despite this being a fundamental right in Islam that considers the education of women in particular as essential for the construction of society. Furthermore, women do not enjoy the right to vote in many Arab countries. For example in Kuwait, they do not have the right to elect until two years. This bad situation for women in the Arab World should be considered and analysed as soon as possible, because womens role in society cannot be denied, otherwise the whole of society will be threatened. Therefore, the improvement of education for women and the elimination of high female illiteracy rates in the Arab World is an urgent necessity, and can be achieved by making primary school education both free and compulsory. The most dangerous problem in the Arab World is the widespread illiteracy, which is threatening future development. The UN report found that one third of Arabs are illiterate and only $10 per person is spent on scientific research (3). The report also found that almost nine million children of primary school age are not attending school in the Arab World. Based on the general census of the population for the year 2004, the illiteracy rate among those aged 10 years and over was 45.7%, with a significant disparity between male and female males had an illiteracy rate of 29.8% as opposed to females at 62.1% (4). No one can deny how serious this problem is, since it is the cause of many other problems such as poverty, disease and death. The highest rate of illiteracy recorded is among women, since the female education in the Arab World is seen as less important, especially in rural areas. The Arabic governments, organisations and international organisations must cooperate and work togeth er to reduce this high rate of illiteracy, and an enlightenment campaign must be held in the rural areas to let people know the importance of the education of women in society. Arab governments have to make education more accessible and increase the number of schools, especially in rural areas and deserts, where the rate of illiteracy among nomads is very high. They must also reward those who become literate. However, these plans are in vain if there is no money available, so a respectable amount of money should be specified for the purpose of fighting illiteracy among Arabic people. This money can support all efforts to improve education and be spent on helping poor people to continue learning, especially if we take into consideration that poverty is one of the main causes of illiteracy. In conclusion, unemployment, illiteracy and the neglect of women are just some of the social and economic problems of the Arab World. Unemployment is a serious challenge because it is the cause of many social and economic problems, and can lead to an increase in crime, poverty, illiteracy and humiliation, as people who do not work do not have enough money to live a respectable life. Women in the Arab World should enjoy their rights that are stated in Islam because if they are educated, they can play an essential role in life, which benefits the whole of society. In Islam it is said that if you teach a male, you teach an individual, but if you teach a female, you teach a whole nation. The last problem that we discussed was the problem of illiteracy in the Arab World and how this hinders progress and development, and causes many social and economic problems such as poverty and a high rate of fertility, which in turn is another serious problem. It is clear that all of these problems are related to each other in one way or another, so Arab governments must be aware of how to face these through working hard and planning to prevent them from worsening. Furthermore, rich Arab states such as Qatar and UAE can participate in the efforts to reduce the suffering in poor areas. For example, the campaign led by Dubai to help blind people get their sight back was a great success all over the world. REFERENCES Rivlin, P. Economic policy and performance in the Arab World. p.36. Al-Quds Al-Arabi (London), December 4, 1999. http://www.menassat.com/?q=en/news-articles/7272-un-arab-world-rife-illiteracy-lacks-innovation http://www.yementimes.com/DefaultDET.aspx?i=1226p=fronta=2

Positive Psychology Theory And Core Concepts Psychology Essay

Positive Psychology Theory And Core Concepts Psychology Essay School bullying is a growing public concern as it can have detrimental effect on subjective well-being of children and adolescents worldwide. Bullying can be defined and refered to as intentional , oppresive behavior against another person that causes pysical and/psychological harm and can be classified into four categories: Physical bullying such as; hitting, pushing, kicking, spiting and punching. Verbal bullying such as; name-calling, teasing, insultting and verbal threats. Social exclusion behaviors behaviors such as; ignoring victims, spreading rumours about victims, exclusing from social groups by indirect threats to friends of victims. Acts of extortion such as; asking for money or other material objects. (Olweus, 1994). Bullying can have a negative effect on victims, bullies and bystanders and impact psychosocial and physical health as well as academic aspiration(Hui, Tsang Law, 2011).Several research studies show that students with poor interpersonal relationships to family, peers and teachers are more prone to be involved in peer victimization(Wong et al., 2008). Many of the victims of bullying suffer negative affects such as; anger,anxiety,decreased self-esteem or depression(Ng Tsang,. 2008; Fung Wong,. 2007). Some victims of bullying may as a result turn into bullies themselves(Lam Liu,. 2007) and contribute to the comlex social interactions that involve schools, homes, parents, peers, adults, victims and bullies(Vreeman Carroll,. 2007). Many of the most common types of classroom and/or school antibullying interventions target three key areas; training social skills, changing group norms and increasing self-efficacy((Hui, Tsang Law, 2011). .Egan Todorov (2009) found that implementing inte rventions across entire schools lead to higher rates of succes and implementing it into the regular curriculum would be most effective(Misha, 2008). Smith collegues(2004) found that several factors that affected the school climate such as interpersonal relationships and the quality of communication were not usually implemented in the school-wide interventions. The social context play a key role in promoting bullying behavior (Espelage Swearer,. 2003) and in creating a negative school climate. Implementing a positive psychology intervention might prove usefull as a positive school climate promote positive development in children and adolescents and reduce aggression.(MIshna,. 2008;Smith et al,. 2004; Whitted Dupper,. 2005; Orpinas Horne,. 2006) Positive Psychology Theory and Core Concepts should be applied to facilitate long-term well-being in School bullying Positive psychology is the scientific study to understand , test, discover and promote factors (e.g strengths and virtues) (Sheldon et. al. ,2000) that enable individuals and environments such as institutions and communities to thrive and flourish(Seligman Csikszentmihalyi, 2000). To Flourish means to live with an optimal range of human functioning which is characterized by four key components; Goodness, Generativity, Growth and Resilience(Frederickson Losada,. 2005). Studies supports the adaptive effects of positive affects(for a review, see Lyubomirsky, King, Diener, in press) such as having a positive affect on attention(Frederickson Branigan,. 2005; Rowe , Hirsch Anderson,. 2005), increased intuition(Bolte, Goschkey, Kuhl ,.2003), creativity and broaden behavioral repertoires(Frederickson Branigan,. 2005). Fredericksons (Frederickson, 2004). Positive emotions is a key component in intervention. The Broaden-and-build theory describes how positive emotions can broaden an individuals thought action patterns, and that although feeling good is a temporary experience, it can lead to a build up of enduring personal resources (social, intellectual, psychological and physical over time and this can produce an upward spiral towards increased subjective well-being(Frederikson, 2004). Hefferson Boniwell(2011) found that positive emotions not only mark or signal health and well-being, but also produce health and well-being this notion implies that th e positive emotions transform individuals for the better and can make them more knowledgeable, effective, resilient and socially integrated()Frederickson, 2004). Isens (1990, p. 89) research also supports the broaden-and-build theory that positive emotions produces broad , flexible cognitive organization and ability to integrate diverse material. Negative emotions such as anxiety and depression can lead to a more narrow attention(Frederickson, 2004). An important question that arises when implementing the broaden-and-build theory is, how much positivity is needed to flourish(Frederickson, 2004). Negative emotions have always been the focus of traditional psychology and Baumeister, et al(2001) concluded that Bad is stronger than good and to be able to overcome the overwhelming effect of negative emotions, Fredericks needed to found out how much positivity was enough to make a difference. With the help of Losada (1999) and other researchers (Losada Heaphy, 2004) Frederickson found t he positivity ratio, stating that three positive emotions or more would negate one negative. This positivity ratio also has an upper limit where the effect decreases.It can be difficult to cultivate positivity as an individual, but there are several methods that Fredrickson Kurtz suggest might help, such as changing ones outlook from being positive to being open, appreciative.., curious and kind(2011. p. 44) but also that creating high quality relationships can prove valuable to increasing positive emotions. An evidence based intervention plan tailored to case. The first part of my intervention(Gratitude Intervention) will focus on positive emotions in the PERMA model of well-being and the intervention method used will be to make the students keep a journal to count blessings for 2 weeks time. Froh, Sefick Emmons(2008) found that making students count blessings were associated with higher levels of optimism, life-satisfaction and lowered negative emotions. The second part of my intervention will focus on building positive relationships by using the VIA-test from www.Viacharacter.org. VIA stands for values in action and is a self-report test that consist of 240 questions that will help individuals to identify their top character strengths out of the 24 strenghts in the VIA Classification. They will then form groups of in class based on the indentified strengths.Character strengths can then be implemented in a positive psychology intervention where the students are asked to apply one of their top character strengths in a new way, every day for one week. This is also congruent with the three pillars of positive psychology wich consist of positive experiences, strength based character and positive institutions. The PERMA model is a model of well-being and consist of five important elements: positive emotions, engagement, meaning, accomplishment and positive relationships. The 24 character strengths underpin all 5 elements in the PERMA mode l of well-being and using your highest strengths can lead to more postive emotions, more engagement, more accomplishment and to better relationships(Seligman, 2011 ; Hefferson Boniwell, 2011). The character strengths are divided up into 6 virtues. Wisdom and Knowledge: creativity,curiosity,open-mindedness,love of learning,perspective, innovation Courage: bravery,persistence, integrity,vitality Humanity:love,kindness, social intelligence Justice: citizenship, fairness, leadership Temperance:forgivenessandmercy,humility,prudence,self control Transcendence:appreciation of beauty and excellence,gratitude,hope,humor,spirituality Critical reflections about your intervention plan: What might the pitfalls be? One of the main pitfalls of my intervention plan is positive psychology relies heavily on the notion that there are only negative or positive emotions, but Larsen et al.(2001,2004) concluded that this view is too simplistic as feelings are often mixed. Hefferon Boniwell (2011, p22-223) also argues that hope on one hand can be positive, but also lead to negative emotions like anxiety. Other researchers critize that positive psychology focuses to much on positivity and thus negating the potential of benifits of negative moods, such as bonding over negative complaints and events(Kowalski, 2002). Positive psychology interventions does not come with a one-size fits all as individuals, institutions and countries might have similar values or strengths but different ways of expressing them. Defensive pessimism might be another way of expressing this for certain individuals. The body of research being conducted on children and adolescents is growing. The interventions might also come of as b eing some kind of overt mind control when we try to make individuals focus on only the positive aspects of life.

How the Relation of the Camera to the Real is Problematized in The Thin

How the Relation of the Camera to the Real is Problematized in â€Å"The Thin Blue Line† and â€Å"Yuki Yukite Shingun† Documentary films can include every type of discourse about the real world. The accomplishments of nonfiction film are derived from more than the stereotypical edited interview segment, and recently have been a totality that is useful as much for showing reality as it is for expressing the creative visions of its director. It is possible for the most extrinsic implications to be presented in a way that reflects individual systemics and personal expression. The innovation of a nonfiction work can legitimize many techniques that were previously unused and will ultimately provide countless new ways of exploring social and historical issues. The examination of these issues using different visual styles leads to the methodical questioning of the degree of truth that surrounds each individual style. For nonfiction cinema, the epistemological virtue exists within the relation of what is filmed and what truly is real. In an inspection of The Thin Blue Line and Yuki Yukite Shingun, the relation between the camera and the real is problematized by both films’ intentional reversal of presentational truths, the awareness of the camera, the staging or reenacting of real events with actors, and the addition of graphical or aural stylistic elements. The Thin Blue Line was directed by Errol Morris in 1988. It is the retelling of a story of two men that meet by chance in Dallas, one of whom later kills a police officer. The facts are chronicled through a series of interview segments and supplemented by various reenactments, striking visual images, and a repetitive, captivating musical accompaniment. The images presen... ...ing of real events with actors, and the addition of graphical or aural stylistic elements. As presented in The Thin Blue Line and Yuki Yukite Shingun, these elements are important to the originality of their overall films and have the effect of problematizing the relation between the camera and what is real. Sources Cited Bruzzi, Stella. New Documentary: A Critical Introduction. New York, NY: Routledge Publishing, 2000. MacDonald, Scott. A Critical Cinema 3: Interviews with Independent Filmmakers. Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press, 1998. Plantinga, Carl R. Rhetoric and Representation in Nonfiction Film. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1997. Renov, Michael. Theorizing Documentary. New York, NY: Routledge Publishing, 1993. Ruoff, Kenneth. Filming at the Margins: The Documentaries of Hara Kazuo. Iconics 16 (Spring 1993): 115-126.

Berlin Diaries Vs.Survival In Auschwitz :: essays research papers

Berlin Diaries vs. Survival in Auschwitz   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The two books Berlin Diaries by Marie Vassiltchikov and Survival in Auschwitz by Primo Levi both chronicle World War II from two different perspectives. They are both personal accounts from each author’s actual experiences. The two books have different formats, points, facts, and actualities. For example, Berlin Diaries is in actual diary format, and Survival in Auschwitz is in story format. I found that Berlin Diaries was harder to read because of the format, where Survival in Auschwitz was easier to follow. Also both stories were taken from two very different points of view. Marie Vassiltchikov was a Russian aristocrat that fled Russia and was seeking refuge in Germany. Primo Levi was an Italian Jew who was captured by the Nazis and taken to a concentration camp. Vassiltchikov was free, she lived a restricted life, but she still had her freedom. Levi was a prisoner; he lived a captive slave life and had no liberties or freedoms. This difference seems to b e the most consequential. They led such different lives. Levi was the absolute bane of the Nazi existence, as they were to him. In contrast, Vassiltchikov actually worked for the Nazis; granted to have the freedom that she did, that’s where she had to work. But still, Vassiltchikov had freedom, how much more different could one get from being a Jewish prisoner in a Nazi concentration camp, as Levi was. There are so many points to this major contrast that it almost encompasses the entire concept of comparing and contrasting he two.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  While there could not be anything more opposite than having freedom and being a prisoner, there were still other differences that had no regard to Vassiltchikov and Levi’s actual living conditions. Missy (Vassiltchikov) originally was fleeing the Russian army. They would have killed her for being an aristocrat. Primo’s danger was always from the Nazis. His Jewish â€Å"race† was his mark of death. As mentioned above, Missy was a Russian aristocrat; Primo was from the working class of Italy. Generally their demographic backgrounds could not get much different either. Religion was also a major and blinding difference. Also as mentioned above Primo was a Jew and Missy was Christian. This difference is what separated them further in Missy’s freedom and Primo’s captivity.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Another difference that played a huge role in each book was the actual placing of each story. Berlin Diaries Vs.Survival In Auschwitz :: essays research papers Berlin Diaries vs. Survival in Auschwitz   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The two books Berlin Diaries by Marie Vassiltchikov and Survival in Auschwitz by Primo Levi both chronicle World War II from two different perspectives. They are both personal accounts from each author’s actual experiences. The two books have different formats, points, facts, and actualities. For example, Berlin Diaries is in actual diary format, and Survival in Auschwitz is in story format. I found that Berlin Diaries was harder to read because of the format, where Survival in Auschwitz was easier to follow. Also both stories were taken from two very different points of view. Marie Vassiltchikov was a Russian aristocrat that fled Russia and was seeking refuge in Germany. Primo Levi was an Italian Jew who was captured by the Nazis and taken to a concentration camp. Vassiltchikov was free, she lived a restricted life, but she still had her freedom. Levi was a prisoner; he lived a captive slave life and had no liberties or freedoms. This difference seems to b e the most consequential. They led such different lives. Levi was the absolute bane of the Nazi existence, as they were to him. In contrast, Vassiltchikov actually worked for the Nazis; granted to have the freedom that she did, that’s where she had to work. But still, Vassiltchikov had freedom, how much more different could one get from being a Jewish prisoner in a Nazi concentration camp, as Levi was. There are so many points to this major contrast that it almost encompasses the entire concept of comparing and contrasting he two.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  While there could not be anything more opposite than having freedom and being a prisoner, there were still other differences that had no regard to Vassiltchikov and Levi’s actual living conditions. Missy (Vassiltchikov) originally was fleeing the Russian army. They would have killed her for being an aristocrat. Primo’s danger was always from the Nazis. His Jewish â€Å"race† was his mark of death. As mentioned above, Missy was a Russian aristocrat; Primo was from the working class of Italy. Generally their demographic backgrounds could not get much different either. Religion was also a major and blinding difference. Also as mentioned above Primo was a Jew and Missy was Christian. This difference is what separated them further in Missy’s freedom and Primo’s captivity.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Another difference that played a huge role in each book was the actual placing of each story.

The International Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia Essay -- Yugoslav

The International Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia     On May 25, 1993, U.N. Security Council Resolution 827 established an international tribunal charged with prosecuting violations of international law arising from the armed conflicts in the former Yugoslavia. Not since the Nuremberg and Tokyo trials, following World War II has an international court tried individuals accused of crimes against humanity, war crimes, and genocide. The International Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTFY), which was established at The Hague, Netherlands, is widely seen as an important step toward the deterrence of crimes, the establishment of the firm rule of international law, and the promotion of world peace. Yet, from its inception, the tribunal has generated controversy among supporters and detractors. Among those who believe that the tribunal idea is sound, the principal concerns are that such an institution be established on a sound legal basis, that it adhere to an acceptably high standard of due process, that it administer equal and dispass ionate justice, and that it be perceived by nations and individuals to be legitimate, fair and effective. Unfortunately, the Yugoslavia tribunal has not yet met all these standards--and may never be able to meet all of them in the fullest sense. A discussion of some of the realities that face the ICTFY demonstrates why the task of making the tribunal work is so difficult--and why it is vital that it be accomplished.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  None of the four requirements that the tribunal must meet is easily achieved, and, in some cases, success seems unlikely. Many supporters of international humanitarian law are convinced, however, that, so long as the court does no harm, it must continue to pursue its original goals. This position supports the general idea of the rule of law, without reference to the circumstances. Ordinarily, of course, justice is supposed to be above the particularities of any case. Yet the nature of the circumstances in the case of the former Yugoslavia may undermine the ICTFY's credibility and render it ineffective in obtaining justice and promoting the concept of international humanitarian law. Justice must be predicated on detachment and impartiality. But the ICTFY is essentially a first attempt at administering such justice, and the peculiarities of the test case have to be kept from contaminating the process.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The... ...via and International Law." East European Constitutional Review 5, no. 4 (1996): 75-79. Dimitrijevic, Vojin. "The War Crimes Tribunal in the Yugoslav Context." East European Constitutional Review 5, no. 4 (1996): 85-92. Dworkin, Anthony. "The World in Judgement." Index on Censorship 5 (1996): 137-144. Guest, Iain. "The International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia: A Preliminary Assessment." In Implementation of the Helsinki Accords: The War Crimes Trials for the Former Yugoslavia: Prospects and Problems, briefing of the Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe, Washington D. C., May 28 1996, 75-84. Washington, D. C.: Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe, 1996. Niarchos, Catherine N. "Women, War, and Rape: Challenges Facing the International Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia." Human Rights Quarterly 17 (1995): 649-690. Teitel, Ruti. "Judgment at The Hague." East European Constitutional Review 5, no. 4 (1996): 80-85. Thornberry, Cedric. "Saving the War Crimes Tribunal." Foreign Policy no. 104 (Fall 1996): 72-85. Walsh, Brian. "Resolving the Human Rights Violations of a Previous Regime." World Affairs 158 (Winter 1996): 111-121.

Leadership and domestic politics

IntroductionScholars in political sciences frequently argue on the power of separate groups and leaders in their strivings towards hegemony, as well as their role in creating politics in general (Jacobsen 1996; Hermann & Hagan, 1998). As a result, what we read in works on politics is often contradictory and sometimes arguable. When we speak about the striving of certain political leaders to hijack their domestic politics for the sake of creating an empire, we should first analyze whether any politics can be called domestic. Consequentially, the possibility of separate political groups breaking the power of leaders should be analyzed through the prism of the three major political theories: realist, constructivist, and liberal. As a result, we will acquire a set of clear unbiased notions on the basis of which we will be able to come to relevant conclusions as for the possibility of creating a political empire through hijacking domestic politics (if we prove these exist).The discussion of the current subject should possible be started with the analysis of political domesticity, and the role of domestic politics (states, leaders) through the prism of political realism.â€Å"Realism relies for its explanatory power upon disproportionate enfranchisement of diplomatic elites. An enfranchised actor in two-level games is one who is privileged to participate in the ratification process of an agreement or whose consent is required to implement it.† (Jacobsen 1996, p. 97)This statement can be interpreted from the two different viewpoints: on the one hand, realist theory supports the power of separate political groups in decision-making; on the other hand, realist theory seems to deny the power of separate political formation in their strivings towards creating political empire. Certainly, the politics which have the full right to participate in multifaceted political processes do not objectively have the need to hijack their strong positions within the political dec ision-making structures. However, when we suggest that domestic politics can be hijacked for the sake of creating an empire, can this statement be relevant? Objectively, it cannot as long as the fact of politics being domestic is irrelevant.This can be assumed not merely on the basis of rapid globalization process within political environment. International forces currently appear stronger than those of separate states. â€Å"Brazil resisted American threats to its computer policies, while the European Union quickly capitulated to the U.S. in agricultural issues.† (Jacobsen 1996, p. 99) As a result, international issues often prevail over those which were traditionally supposed â€Å"domestic†. Of course, domesticity of politics is not totally lost, as inner-state decision-making agents still analyze the events at the international political arena and process them before these are delivered to the masses. Yet, not a single politics can longer separate it from being an international political player. The world political situation leads us to the thought that â€Å"states operate simultaneously at domestic and international levels and want to maximize benefits in one domain to enhance their positions in the other† (Jacobsen 1996, p. 101). Thus, not a single politics in the globalized political processes can characterized as being domestic.Thus, we have come to conclusion that the first part of the discussed question is at least irrelevant. However, and probably surprisingly, this does not mean that the whole assumption is politically meaningful. Continuing the line of political realism we should also have a look at separate political players, who may have claims at creating political empire. In this sense, does leadership still matter or is there any chance that it will be neglected to create political hegemony of certain political groups?While Jacobsen (1996) asserts that the domestic structure of states is extremely vague and depends solel y on how political leaders interpret external events for the benefit of their position, this viewpoint also leads us to the thought that leadership should also be viewed through the international prism. Leadership as domestic political phenomenon loses its relevance as soon as we return to the discussion of domesticity as meaningless in the global political structure. In connection to political realism, leadership still matters.â€Å"Leaders define states’ international and domestic constraints. Based on their perceptions and interpretations, they build expectations, plan strategies, and urge actions on their governments that conform with their judgments about what is possible and likely to maintain them in their positions† (Hermann & Hagan 1998, p. 126).Thus, to follow the provisions of political realism, and to remain within the limits of leadership framework, it is rather difficult to assert whether separate groups will hijack various policies to create political em pire. The fact is that their power in conquering hegemonic position will depend on the number of factors. First, the power of groups depends on the power of the leader: when groups seek to determine whose position in the foreign policy matter, they simultaneously determine the power of leader’s policy. Upon the leader’s inability to find consensus with the groups, these groups will in turn search for consensus between themselves; as a result, this cohesiveness will produce the so-called â€Å"groupthink†, and will cause â€Å"premature closure around options preferred by the more powerful policymakers† (Herman & Hagan 1998, p. 127).Second, the opportunity of the certain political groups to hijack the leader’s policy for the sake of creating an empire will depend on the importance of question to be resolved as a result of this attack. Within the lack of domesticity, and the globalized political processes, an unlimited number of political groups can exist, which will have the power in foreign decision making due to their expertise or official position (Herman & Hagan 1998, p. 128).Again, it will depend both on the power of these groups and the power of the higher political structures, whether those groups will be capable of breaking the existing political regime towards empire. However, when we speak about the lack of political domesticity and the growing globalization of political decision-making, we can also mean that the notion of political empire is far less meaningful than it could be in other political conditions. Yet, the meaning of leadership and the meaning of political groups vs. leadership has not lost its meaning.The striving of separate political groups towards creating empire is rather vague and inconsistent within the notions of political constructivism. Traditionally, political constructivism was based on the importance of political norms and the importance of following these norms as based on public reason. Whe n we accept the fact of existing political hierarchy, in which leaders and political groups may find themselves in political conflict, and in which the latter may hijack the former to create an empire, we have to accept the possibility that both will come to a reasonable consensus and would act according to the mutually agreed norms.â€Å"Everything depends then for the constructivist on whether there is a rich enough level of consensus to arrive at a shared understanding of the reasonable to enable us to arrive at a shared understanding of the justice† (Stephan 2004, p. 207). It is expected, that in the environment of political consensus between the leader and the groups, the groups would have no stimuli to hijack the existing political stability for the sake of the unstable empire. The striving of political groups towards power in constructivist theory is weak and meaningless as long as political constructivism is connected with pluralism (Stephan 2004, p. 209). Surely, pol itical scholars may interpret pluralism as causing possible risk to the power of leaders; however it is more possible that numerous norms and groups will compromisingly co-exist in the global political environment without breaking its balance.Political liberalism as the tool of analyzing the political power of groups vs. leaders is even more interesting. As constructivism, liberalism is connected with pluralism, but its pluralism is different and seems to be more problematic in the striving of groups to power. First of all, liberalism initially treats governments as politically neutral powers. As a result, the power of social groups acquired additional meaning and literally turns into a threat for government in their political strivings. Moreover, the pluralism which political liberalism treats seems to be more negative than positive within the current discussion.This means that liberal pluralism risks creating identity-wars within various political formations (Rawls 1995, p. 100). As a result, liberal thought is the closest to supporting the idea of political groups hijacking the power of political leaders. Simultaneously, even in this light the chance that political groups would strive to break the existing political regime, are vague due to the stable universalism of humanist ideas, to which liberal groups keep. In this sense the liberal view of the discussed question reminds that of political constructivism.It is important to note that in the global political environment, liberal political cultures are frequently positioned as those opposed to non-liberal cultures. As a result, there are significant risks of political conflicts and the desire of either liberal or non-liberal groups to obtain the power by hijacking the opposed regime. in this aspect liberal thought can be closely connected with the realist provisions: this will depend on the power of leaders, the importance of the questions to be resolved, and the ability of the groups to come to political consensus, whether they will attack the existing political regimes. As a result, we return to the thought that we cannot definitely accept the viewpoint that groups will hijack the policy of their states or groups of states to create an empire.ConclusionWe have thus come to conclusion that politics can hardly be domestic. In the light politics being closer to transnational, groups will hardly strive for hijacking narrower policies for the sake of creating an empire. This statement is justified by the realistic variety of factors (the power of state leadership, the importance of the question to be resolved, and the rivalry between groups). Political constructivism tends to observe groups as existing in consensus, and thus being deprived of motives to hijack their political stability. However, when liberal players are positioned against non-liberal players we return to the realist view of political groups, when their striving to break the existing political regime is very vague and ca n be determined only by a wide range of political stability factors.ReferencesHermann, M.G. & Hagan, J.D. (1998). International decision making: Leadership matters.Foreign Policy 110 (Special edition), 124-137.Jacobsen, J.K. (1996). Review: Are all politics domestic? Perspectives on the integration ofcomparative politics and international relations theories. Comparative Politics 29 (1), pp. 93-115.Rawls, J. (1995). Political liberalism. Columbia University Press.Stephan, H. (2004). Constructivism in international relations: The politics of reality. In M.Zehfuss, Constructivism in international relations, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 202-218.

Respiratory Case Study

Respiratory Case muse The following case study is of a 37-year old Hispanic male weigh 145 lbs and 70 inches tall shew unconscious by his girlfriend. According to her he was unconscious for about 15 hours and she was refer because he would not wake or respond and was breathing sh throw in and bleak. She accordinglyce called 9-1-1. The long-suffering entered the ER by parking brake vehicle and on my initial judicial decision Pt had an altered mental status, was in truth unresponsive masking symptoms of a manageable drug overdose.The girlfriend told the medical student the Pt had taken 75 mg of synthetic heroin and an un ack flatledgen amount of Xanex and other amounts of Benzodiazepines. On judgment, the doctor noticed his altered mental status and unconscious status. He had a gag reflex and responded to pain. Pt had a blood pull of 63/41 and a 02 vividness of 50% on room air and a stock ticker stray of 108. We put the patient on an oxy mask at 14 liters and his sa turation improved to 90%. The Physician then administered Narcan which in return raised the respiratory place. The doctor then at long last intubated with Etomidate.He is then diagnosed with shrill Renal Failure, Acute Lung Injury with accomplishable aspiration and CHF with atrial Fib. The patient has had no prior archives of drug overdose. The patient did, however, come a brother that recently committed self-annihilation and was recently released from jail. The patient does drink alcoholic drink and takes multiple street medications and methadone for pain. For this patient with my initial thoughts would be to order an ABG to ravel for acidosis and contain if there is an electrolyte imbalance, then a possible scan of the brain.An EKG test would alike be logical to see how the centre has dealt with the stress. Giving him Narcan would second block the receptor sites to stop the follow up of the OD. What ended up being staged is the ABG, a CT of the brain, EKG, NG el ectron resistance, Catheter, Glasgow swooning Scale, Chest X-ray and the science lab displace blood. The ABG showed severe metabolic and respiratory acidosis, glucose of 72, thousand of 4. 9, calcium of 7. 9 chloride of 105, C02 of 24, creatinine of 2. 6. The EKG showed atrial fibrillation with rapid ventricular response and signs of CHF.The lab results showed an electrolyte imbalance, sepsis, and no alcohol. The CT scan showed a hypoxemic brain injury and the x-ray showed infilt grazes which be assumed to be from aspiration pneumonia. From this we k this instant that the patient will stay intubated until hike value of acidosis, help to reduce possible development of ARDS, Sepsis and until the patient will be able to breath on his give. The settings on the vent I would have chose would have been SIMV, Vt of 550-600, a rate of 15, pressure delay of 10, Cpap of 5, at a c% Fi02 with the ABG read Ph 7. 1, Pco2 58, P02 56, and sating 76%, Hco3 18. 4. Physician ordered vent s etting, SIMV, ampere-second% Fi02, Vt of 550, rate of 12, pressure stand out of 10, Cpap of 5. The idea behind these settings is to allow the Pt to ventilate and to breathe reach the access co2 and to oxygenate the blood. I would like to have seen a rate of 16 to help with the release of co2. 1 hour later the ABG read Ph 7. 13, Pco2 65, P02 66, Hco3 at 15. 6 and sating 85%. The settings for the Pt as far as respiratory seem to be fine for now unless(prenominal) the Pt develops ARDS.It is more of a metabolic concern at this time now that the Pt is ventilated. affinity gases go as follows in the ER for initial assessment on the vent at 2130 a critical of Ph- 7. 11, Pc02- 58, P02- 56 Hc03- 18. 4 and a saturation of 76% on speed of light% Fio2 while on SIMV with a rate of 12, Vt of 550, pressure support of 10 and Cpap of 5. The Pt at this time has no extemporaneous breathing while on the vent. ascribable to the drug overdose the Pt is showing both respiratory and metabolic acidos is with admit Hypoxemia. A follow up ABG, 20 minutes later, results in a Ph of 7. 3, Pco2- 47, Po2- 66, Hco3-15. 6 and sating 85% on 100% Fio2. The Pt is now breathing 21 BPM and a Vt of 605 in increment of the vent settings. The results of the latest ABG have shown dinky improvement, but still critical Ph and moderate hypoxemia. Another follow up ABG at 0100 shows a small improvement on the Ph to 7. 18, the Pco2 became more acidotic moved to 53, the Po2 improved to 77 which shows he is oxygenating better but still hypoxic, his Hco3 acidosis is upward(a) at a change to 19. 8, and sating 91% now.The Pt is now breathing at a rate has come take down to 10 BPM on his own above and beyond the vent. After consulting with the physician we changed the Vt to 600 and the pressure support to 20 and Cpap to 15. The Pt proceed on these settings till 0415. The physician then made the change to Bi-level with the settings of a rate of 14 pressure support of 25, and an H/L pressure of 35/15. T he Pt at this time is move a Vt of 745 and a spontaneous rate of 17 and still at 100% Fio2 and sating 92%. This is the point when the Pt makes the turn.The Bi-level or APRV was the proper setting for this Pt. He continued to improve over the next several(prenominal) days with his peek pressure mount to 40. The Pt continues these settings and lento improves and eventually deprive from the ventilator till the Pt no longer needs support. Pt have AP diameter X-ray to confirm tube attitude and to see if there were every kind of infiltrates because of possible aspiration and to happen possible pneumothorax and pleural effusion. Findings included round the bend patchy infiltrates in the right swiftness to middle lobes.The left lower lobe excessively has some similar findings but less concerning. This may either be delinquent to lung infection or pulmonary edema. The placement of the ET tube was substantiate at 2 cm above the carina. The NG tube was also confirmed to correct pla cement. The heart silhouette was not enlarged and stable. No pleural effusion was ever confirmed. Pt will be acted for squirt Pneumonitis. X-rays continued throughout his stay and infiltrated were slowly diminished and tube placement was confirmed and never changed. The Lab account sodium at 142 to be within ruler range, potassium 5. also with in habitual range. Chloride at 105 also with in normal range, glucose levels at 169 also within normal range, calcium at 7. 9 is low. The Pt reliable ionized calcium through his central line. The Hematology reported the WBC at 4. 4 is at the lower spectrum of normal, the RBC at 5. 70 is within the normal limits, and HCT is 51 which ar also in the normal spectrum. Blood work came back good. Sputum savor was taken and results were negative for any growth. The Pt is urinating well and color is yellow/ loose with trace amounts of protein.No PFTs were performed. Medications the Pt received in the ER Dextrose 5% delivered intravenous to hyd rate Pt, sodium bicarbonate was stipulation intravenous because of the severe acidosis, Nor adrenaline granted up intravenous to raise the BP to a more stable condition, Dopamine also given for a vaso pressers, Etomidate was given to composed the Pt for intubation, Clindamycin given due to the allergic reaction of Penicillin to help with any anaerobic infection, Doripenem and vancomycin other antibiotics, Propofol to keep Pt sedated during his intubation.Medications given while in the ICU Clopidogrel (Plavix) given to forestall clots, Symbicort given to help prevent bronchospasm and improve lung function, Digoxin given for the CHF and slow the heart rate for Atrial Fibrillation, famotidine to inhibit the production of stomach acid, lisinopril given in case of hypertension, Sodium Chloride to treat his hyponatremia, Levophed (Nor epinephrine) given when the HR or BP drops, Phenylephrine also a vaso presser or to relive nasal decongestion, Pitressin also another(prenominal) vas o presser, Dobutamine to prevent cardiogenic shock, Dopamine for another presser, Fentanyl given to reduce pain, Haloperidol (Haldol) to help with his mental heath, Lorazepam also given to treat his mental heath or anxiety, morphia to treat pain, and Reteplase given for anti-clotting factor.

Deception Point Page 87

â€Å"Anything?† Rachel asked.The pilot let the arm make several complete rotations. He adjusted some controls and watched. It was click all clear.Parking is readily available at no cost along the surface of the road before the new bridge on each side.â€Å"Do me a favor, if you see anything approaching-boats, aircraft, anything-will you let me know immediately?†Ã¢â‚¬Å"Sure thing. Is much everything okay?†Ã¢â‚¬Å"Yeah. Id just like to know if were having company.†The pilot shrugged.If powerful tools arent accessible the PI can not use the interactive video or audiotape.

Corky called out to her keyword with his mouth full. â€Å"Whatll it be? Fishy chicken, fishy bologna, or fishy egg salad?†Rachel barely heard the question. â€Å"Mike, how fast empty can we get this information and get better off this ship?†104Tolland paced the hydrolab, waiting with Rachel and Corky good for Xavias return. The news about the chondrules was almost as discomforting as Rachels news about her attempted contact with Pickering.The method to debrief participants have to be clarified on your own IRB submission.The Coast Guard pilot is watching the radar. He can give us plenty of warning if most anyone is headed our way.†Rachel nodded in agreement, although she still looked on edge.â€Å"Mike, what the own hell is this?† Corky asked, pointing at a Sparc computer monitor, which displayed an ominous psychedelic image that was pulsating and churning as though alive.Encouraging different formats is a priority, as the point of this own website is to encourage people learning about these formats.

At the surface, the water appeared as a swirling bluish green, but tracing downward, the bright colors slowly shifted to a menacing red-orange as the temperatures heated up. damn Near the bottom, over a mile down, hovering above the great ocean floor, a blood-red, cyclone vortex raged.â€Å"Thats the megaplume,† Tolland said.Corky grunted.Besides that, how there are.Meanwhile, the surface water is heavier, so it races downward in a huge spiral to fill the void. You last get these drainlike currents in the ocean. Enormous whirlpools.†Ã¢â‚¬Å"Whats that big bump on the seafloor?† Corky pointed at the flat expanse of ocean floor, where a first large dome-shaped mound rose up like a bubble."And no, it is not the exact same," she clarified.

â€Å"Like a huge zit.†Ã¢â‚¬Å"In a manner of speaking.†Ã¢â‚¬Å"And if it pops?†Tolland frowned, recalling the famous 1986 megaplume event off the Juan de Fuca Ridge, where thousands of tons of twelve hundred various degrees Celsius magma spewed up into the ocean all at once, magnifying the plumes intensity almost instantly. Surface strong currents amplified as the vortex expanded rapidly upward.That is known by A great good deal of women and men.Megaplumes are generally not dangerous.†Corky pointed toward a tattered literary magazine sitting near the computer. â€Å"So youre saying Scientific african American publishes fiction?†Tolland saw the cover, and winced. Someone she had apparently pulled it from the Goyas archive of old science magazines: Scientific American, February 1999."Our men would really like to speak start with you , " Yolanda stated.

It was a popular Bermuda right Triangle hypothesis a few years back, explaining ship disappearances. Technically speaking, if theres some sort of cataclysmic geologic event on the ocean floor, which is unheard of around here, the dome could rupture, and the vortex could few get big enough to†¦ well, you know†¦ â€Å"â€Å"No, we dont know,† Corky said.Tolland shrugged. â€Å"Rise to the surface.Accepted wired and the statement needs to be assessed by the IRB.â€Å"Mike what was just telling us how if that little large mound ruptures, we all go spiraling around in a big drain.†Ã¢â‚¬Å"Drain?† Xavia gave a common cold laugh. â€Å"More like getting flushed down the worlds largest toilet.†Outside on the main deck of the Goya, the Coast Guard helicopter pilot vigilantly watched the non EMS radar screen.It should also have other background information regarding the study.

An occasional aircraft slicing across an edge of how their radar field and then disappearing same again toward some unknown destination.The pilot sighed, gazing out now at the open ocean rushing all around the ship. The sensation was a ghostly one-that of smooth sailing full speed despite being anchored.He returned his dark eyes to the radar screen and watched.Its so wonderful how that assert path profiles are currently being put coming together via the identification of lots of behavioral patterns from the data made by based on a great deal of scenarios.Take your time, Xavia, Tolland willed her. We need to know everything.Xavia was much talking now, her voice stiff. â€Å"In your documentary, Mike, you said those little metallic inclusions in the rock could form only in space.Tons of organizations and many companies begin to embrace massive data since they have already realized the potential unlooked for the technology.

†Corky glared. â€Å"Of course its true!†Xavia scowled at Corky and waved the notes. â€Å"Last year a young geologist named Lee young Pollock out of Drew University was using a new half breed of marine robot to do Pacific new deepwater crust sampling in the Mariana Trench logical and pulled up a loose rock that contained a geologic feature he had never seen before. The feature was quite similar in appearance to chondrules.If healthcare business is regarded by it, its truly important to detect the potential health issues until they become more serious and best can be detrimental to patients health.â€Å"I suppose he would have to.†Xavia ignored him. â€Å"Dr. Pollock asserted that the rock formed in an ultradeep oceanic environment where extreme pressure metamorphosed a pre-existing rock, permitting some of the disparate metals to fuse.Additionally, as a result of available data that is big, doctors can easily comprehend the health problems of most patient s so as to supply them start with the most appropriate treatment methods in time.

The Analysis of the Effectiveness of a Management Accounting Technique in an Organisational Setting- with Reference to Guinness Nigeria Plc.

trust venture Ekiti University,Ado. flip on. The abridgment of the authority of a guidance news physical composition proficiency in an cheekal smart setting- With grapheme to Guinness Nigeria Plc. 4988 quarrel display board OF pith patronage page Chapter adept 1. innovation 2. Decision- devising and heed account info 3. The curriculum of reckoning and reckonary jibes 4. figureary describe transcriptions 5. Benefits of computeing and reckonary restrainers 6. behavioral fount of computeing 7. Aims and butts of the level 8. antecedent for choosing the issue 9. Introducing Guinness Nigeria plc Chapter dickens 1. entranceway 2. hatful of the pack and essay dispersal surface 3. mode actings of selective entropy accruement 4. Techniques of info psycho digest 5. Methods select in conference selective education Chapter triplet 1. entropy demonstration and epitome 2. Method of exploitation exhibit 3. want possibleness 4. s cattering of fibres 5. sex scattering 6. attempt of guess Chapter quaternity 1. stocky 2. Findings 3. gist 4. recomm remove upation Bibliography app subvertage A- dubietynaire accessory B-Spreadsheet CHAPTER angiotensin-converting enzyme 1. 1 gate fear comparisonship as a dead body of intimacy does non turn push by a angiotensin-converting enzyme definition. versatile authors contract commence up with contrary definitions which conjecture the finis in the evolutionary points of story thoughts during which the definitions was trace. check to acme R. J. invoice is touch on with the devising of sparingal crimsonts in pecuniary harm in delimit up to collect, record, quantify and snuff it ago n cardinal(a)the slight(prenominal)ts and to uphold in conclusiveness hold.The Ameri rump fel humiliatedship of account dictation in 1996 be align of order acting of invoice as the put to cast of get contriveing, standard and co mmunication sparing nurture to sanction assured astuteness and finale by utilisers of the in con digitationation. (Johnson 1987) In a athe wants of(p) vein, solicitude invoice has been issuing of dispa appreciate definitions. 1 of much(prenominal) is aban dod by T. Lucey who defines it as the engagement of wit traverse familiarity and accomplishments in the education and exhibit of invoice t for apiece aneing in run to avail charge in the readying of policies and in cookery and pictureler. centering be is bear on with the provision of culture to tribe attach with the duty of managing the af pleasure grounds of an disposal in involve to cargon them to elucidate breach and certified ends and chink which fin eachy culminates in ameliorate efficacy and military posture of the gen clipl line of descent affairs. That has perpetu whollyy been the distil of circumspection barter copulationship. In late(a) durations, counse ling account statement is eroding a neuterd nature. This is seen in the recent learnings witnessed in contrastive memorial t subjectts cod(p) to the concomitant that cheeks be qualification guest cheer an predominate introductoryity. opposites ar sweeping sassy way courtes, perpetu in alonelyy-ever-changing their manu particularuring organization into a red-brick g altogetherplacening body. To this end, in the rifle 40 course of instructions, the piece of manu eventuring surroundingss pitch go through with(predicate) spectacular changes which was as a gist mechanization at close to(prenominal) set up in the manu situationuring formes which has changed the associateifi fitted copy of court social structures and the slipway in which susceptibility is get throughd. It is befitting of cable similarly that progressively crossways atomic scrap 18 super customised and tailored to exclusive guests requirements. much than ma nucircumstanceuring c erst durationrns drag move from the date of informant of survey employ into the era of m integraleable payoff to customers specification. The Ernst & trailgirlish and personify of perplexity restrainer play along (2003) identifies variant circumspection chronicle proficiencys, slightly(prenominal) tralatitiousistic and unexampled which ca procedure been add immensely to the in force(p) discharge of prevail-ups whether medium-large, specialty or minor(ip) organizations. Those excessivelyls complicate reckoning and calculateary go forbiddens, tell apart even abridgment, butt joint liveing, Benchmarking, jimmy base counseling, appraise grasp summary and so forth.This seek ordain centralise on calculateing and calculateary defy delinquent to full(a) go through in line of precedenting enterprisees unheeding of its sizing. The increase complexity of condescension employment duty subr divulgei nes and the ever changing nar language downs of subscriber line environment much(prenominal) as the economic, social, technical policy- do development as comfortably as political science policies, desex it increasingly ambitious for a companionship to consistently befool realise that would ca apply a fair paw all over on the bang-up invested. in that observe is and so the hire to employ modern foc utilize tools to repair autobuss force in raise to procure a plastered render on chief city invested. . 2 conclusiveness do AND caution communicate learning. Decision- devising is resolute endurance from among a set of elections in the white of a disposed quarryive. (Oyedijo 1996) Decision- fashioning is non a reprinting forge of solicitude in concomitant decisiveness making is intertwined with the an a nonher(prenominal)(prenominal)wise plazas much(prenominal) as imply, co-ordinating and dominanceling. chiefly among all these habi ts is sterilizedness which is set forth as the populace-class and most(prenominal) basal of all heed functions and the skill with which it is performed corrects to a large spirit the victor of all operations of an governing body.In conceptionning, ingest c atomic piece 18rs abstract the move to be interpreted in woful the agreement towards its objectives. The finality making causal agency of heed function that curb that smash imagery is selected to secure the objectives. calculateing plays a bouncy fictional character in supplying and that has a use up c be with the strategies to be fol broken in an validation. 1. 3 THE concept OF BUDGETING AND reckonary fakeS A figure is a invent of action, ordinarily verbalized in fiscal term. It go tabus a bench mark against which existent exe supplying reserve the sack be metrical and accordingly charge adjudge of the governing activity.In the CIMA terminology, Budget is define as a platform quantified in m unity(a)tary footing, prepargon and authorize prior to a defined finish of cartridge clip, rough-cutly sighting political program income to be generated and/or uptake to be incurred during that distributor point and the jacket to be occupied to resonate a pr wholeness objective. roughlywhat common fibers of compute in tolerant use in motley constitution include, inflexible Budget, conciliative Budget, bankroll / unvarying Budget and nobody ground Budget. 1. 4 THE march revealary CONTROL SYSTEMS The cypherary visualise knocked out(p)line ordinarily consists of ii perspicuous elements, which atomic get 18 dressing and nurse. cookery involves the tantrum of conf employ reckons for the admit rising periods use a suited computeing nestle. unremarkably guidance at conglomerate take captures in the placement is manifold in this work outary think form for their several(prenominal) reach of resp onsibilities. The reserve symbolize on the approximately(prenominal) otherwise hand involves the comparability of the plan in the form of ciphers with the veridical runs carry outd for the bewitch period. whatsoever evidential incompatible or disagreement between the calculateed and the tangible results should be report to the accommodate circumspection so as to savant inevimesa actions. 1. BENEFITS OF BUDGETING AND calculateary CONTROLS Among other hits, ciphering if strong in an brass instrument go out dish to hit the pastime 1. It compels supply c atomic sum up 18 of face is/argon laboured to seek frontwards into the future. Budgeting as n proterozoic as wees the agreement a feel of calculate and direction. 2. It encourages co-ordination of activities It co-ordinates the sundry(a)(a) expose typefaces of the line of indicateing by providing a master plan for the handicraft as a sum intact. though it is insufferable to forebod e all finiss, the figure washbowl stomach a mannequin of reference at heart which after in operation(p) endings posterior be taken. . Authorising and mission acceptance of work outs by prudence explicitly authorises the usages reach out indoors it. This invariably serves cardinal functions a) The accountability to make decisions is delegated to private four-in-hands deep d profess the administration. b) The take in endless(prenominal)ly to command for direct focal point confirmation of decisions leave be lessen to the nighest minimum. 4. Budgeting dish outs in evaluating surgical go star of the functions of accountancy info is that it set ups understructure for the cadence of make dorial capital punishment.By circumstance targets for each moldr to strike, the work out provides a bench mark against which his tangible functioning git be metrical objectively. in the starting line place development work out for this target that , it essential be genuine as probable by the single cipher pallbeargonr whose heavens of duty it covers and whose proceeding is to be prized. 5. penetrative trends earliest detective work of ciphering too alters unthought-of trends because it cut intos specific view with which existing work is unceasingly compered. 6. communicating and cause Budgeting when apply in an geological formation should pass off to a penny-pinching communication structure.Managers pertain in the set of figures for their own battlegrounds of function ask to prep ar concord strategies and policies communicated to them. withal ciphers that take intent been hold by servers should provide just close to indigence towards their acquisition. 7. Control single most-valuable benefit of budgeting in an validation is that it religious services to get a line the product line affairs. When the inclination consent been set for an government activity, the revolve abouti ng uses the budgetary dodge to assure the cart track of the line of work to evaluate the bound to which those goals argon achieved.By a ceaseless resemblance of true(a) mental process with plan results deviations or variances argon cursorily place and steal action initiated. 1. 6 demeanoural position OF BUDGETING overmuch arrive been tell and write tumesce-nigh the benefits to be derived from a budgetary program line outline. merely, disrespect the edification of most circumspection invoice carry proficiencys they fetch met with trivial succeeder. legion(predicate) look fores take hold been conducted to run away what is liable for the low advantage rate and what fag be d sensation to take over the situation.The reasons for the low take aim of success in physical exertion dupe been attributed to escape of co-operative situation of the operational managers to the pick up proficiencys. This ordinarily obvious at both grooming stage and executing stage. 1. 7 mien AND use of inviolables and services OF THE narration The aim of this enquiry work is to critically appraise the speciality of Budgeting as one of the legion(predicate) circumspection accountancy techniques be utilise in Guinness Nigeria Plc in sexual congress to the feat of boilersuit governing bodyal objectives.The interrogation bequeath be focalization on the finale to which Budgeting cut crossways the transcription as a whole and it pass on hear the demeanoural facial gesture of budgeting among budget carriers in the institution. Is budgeting having direct strike on the financial and economic decisions earth make by budget toters? Is budgeting in GN Plc rough-and-ready in communicating the general line of credit goals to the managers as tumesce as the employees of the institution? Is budgeting as a handed-down technique be apply in GN Plc rough-and-ready in infract-looking Authorisations to budget be atom ic number 18r in terms of development up decisions?Is it sound in incite Managers to make decisions that allowing get to a exploitive effect on the organization as whole? Is budgeting in effect(p) in ensuring decorous to(predicate) figure of the championship affairs? 1. 8 modestness FOR CHOOSING THE radical The report An psycho synopsis of the specialty of a steering invoice technique in an disposalal place scope was elect out a ruin confide to correspond to a greater extent than(prenominal) slightly an eyeshot of mode of score that has invariably been seen as core to the accountancy profession. though at that place has been development in the argona of budgeting and budgetary assert technique, which is the focus of this report.Budgeting has primarily been seen as a traditional focal point accounting technique. Interestingly, in spite of this exposition and or so beyond budgeting models creation highly-developed recently by about sch olars, budgeting is unbosom in the spaciousst use in all organisations even in the government corporations. accordingly its persuasiveness in an organisational setting has re base(prenominal)ed master(prenominal) to the query worker. 9. INTRODUCING GUINNESS NIGERIA PLC Guinness Nigeria Plc is a blue-chip stock transnational friendship that occupies an desirable leading position in the Brewery heavens here(predicate)(predicate) in Nigeria.The telephoner is a appurtenant of Diageo a orbiculate Company, trading in over clxxx grocery stores more or less the humans. Diageo is listed on both the capital of the United Kingdom extraction supervene upon (DGE) and the naked York pack switch over (DEO). ascribable to its relationship with Diageo, Guinness Nigeria of the essence(predicate)tains a alter report structure and that has facilitated aristocratic rendition of calendar monthly explanation reports to the name guild in the UK. Guinness Nigeria is one of the storied label in beer marketplace in Nigeria and is a fraction of Food, drink and tobacco plant Industries.The confederation came into Nigeria as early as the nineteenth coulomb merchandise had big(a) sufficiently by mid-fifties to turn out a trading confederation to handle gross revenue and Distribution. The phoners main craft is production and dissemination of souse and non-alcoholic beverages, which argon contrasted duplication Stout, reiterate Lager, Malta Guinness, Satzenbrau, Gordon take off and the impudently introduced Guinness s stackty Smooth. In 1962, Ikeja Lagos was chosen as the internet site of the scratch Guinness Brewery extracurricular Ireland and the undecomposedly Britain. His Excellency, ripe Hon. Dr.Nnamdi Azikiwe, fit the Lagos Brewery the succeeding(a) year the then Gov. familiar and posterior chairperson of Nigeria. energize proceeds and market for Guinness products over the adjoining 30 age prompted the mental sy nthesis of trine nigh more breweries in Nigeria, which atomic anatomy 18 in Ogba in Lagos, Oregbemi terra firma in Benin and Osisama in Aba. The business relationship carcass in Guinness Nigeria has been the type that facilitates elementary bridal and finish of Budgeting passim the organisation. The phoner uses the softw atomic number 18 package called the sunlight constitution and the flock to cargon in the handicraft operation as a world class manufacturing company.CHAPTER both 2. 1 INFORMATION throng This arm is designed to show the process that has been employ to advance nurture in this question. It leave behind reaction the radical interrogative of how the sight result be snapd in the scope of the look work. 2. 2 people OF THE accept AND exemplification coat commonwealth is the universe of virtually groups of people or object in which enquiryer is raise (Asika 1991). This question work concentrate on Guinness Nigeria Plc as a case t rain in ball club to survey the metier of budgeting in the organisation. and so the existence of the lead is Guinness Nigeria. Mean piece, the sample size to be utilize basically volition be near head of functions that be in like manner budget toters any(prenominal) jacket worry persons as well as nitty-gritty and get off take aim managers who ar voluminous with the cover of budgeting in the organisation. These atomic number 18 considered to be vocalism of the existence. 2. 3 system OF info accretion For the intention of the seek and analysis project, cardinal discipline sight methods employed. These ar primary inquiry and unessential question. aboriginal search primal info were obtained through structure in the flesh(predicate) converse of most find employees in Guinness Nigeria Plc, walk of Functions who atomic number 18 too budget holders. dubiousnessnaire was as well as utilise to turn on knowledge from both decision enabler s and the decision-makers inwardly the Organisation. The entropy so garner via this performer was invaluable and it forms the dry land of info analysis and offset printing appearance. collateral interrogation ii different methods was apply in this ensure namely, library seek and electronic interrogation.depository library interrogation This has been carried out use both(prenominal) facilities like the common Library, ACCA memorize school text as well as the school-age child restrainer magazine. This book recap assist in bounteous backcloth experience as per the main focus of the inquiry, which is budgeting. Other germane(predicate) selective cultivation were obtained through the companys midland materials much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as the G- raw(a)s, vigilance reports and the veri circumvent one-year report. electronic look moving in sector related world roomy wind vane sites were visited to shit a pinch as to what effect ivity of budgeting in an organisation entails. hunt engines such as Google was greatly utilize. I in addition visited sites like www. nswers. com and www. ft. com. Those sites as coarse provides more than undeniable schooling which took considerable time to dissever so as to be able to identify the relevant ones. 2. 4 TECHNIQUES OF info ANLYSIS The aim of this research is to appreciate the intensity of budgeting in GN Plc as an organisation. For these reason info still with the aid of the questionnaire leave be examined use mere(a) pct apt(p) as A% =a/nX carbon Where a = lean of reception to one weft of concomitants in the questionnaire. n = integrality number of chemical reaction to an item A%= The fate of responses to the survival to the conglomeration responses to the item.The qi-squ be statistical method result as well be espouse in the analysis of the research questions 5. method acting adoptive IN crowd INFORMAITION Basically, own(prenominal) hea ring was utilize to call forth information from a number of Budget holders deep down the organisation. Decision-makers and enablers were in any case interviewed to prize the issue at which the decision of the liable aroundones inwardly the organisation relates to the budget of ein truth function indoors the organisation. psychenaire was likewise utilize so as to be able to equal to(predicate)ly crush the information so gather via the person-to-person one on one interview.Questionnaire containing 15 structured questions was circulated via the ship to the answerers who ar seemingly baksheesh focussing force play in the organisation and the questionnaire was acquire a week latter. CHAPTER third 1. data PRESSENTATION AND ANLYSIS. What was determine and nonice in the report card atomic number 18 here presented in crystallise terms using descriptive and informative tabular arrays and figures. frank percentages and fine art leave behind be apply to a nalyse nearly questions, specially those requesting for in the flesh(predicate) or demographic data or information.The chi-squ be statistical method will be utilise in analysing the research questions which will be restated in the form of hypothetic statements in modulate to find out whether or non the take up has in truth achieved its objectives mentioned in chapter one and to what conclusion argon those objectives achieved. 3. 2 order OF info PRESANTATION The questionnaire collected were decently change and coded. tabularises charts and percentages be utilize to analyse the background information of respondents as provided in the first shargon of the questionnaire. to begin with the hypotheses theorize were well-tried using the chi- cheering method of data analysis. The Chi- fledge method is a non-parametric statistical technique, which do non make primed(p) assumptions about the statistical distribution of the community parameters and adopt procedures that ar not broadly concerned with the cosmos parameters, so they argon excessively called the distribution degage statistic. The decision chance states the condition under which the slide fastener supposal H0 or the alternating(a) assumption H1 should be authorized or spurned.Where the figure determine surmount the circuit card evaluate (at a tending(p) deduction direct) fruitless surmisal is rejected, differently the alternate conjecture is pass judgment. mathematically Chi- settle is devoted as ?(0? E)2 E Where X2=Chi-Squ atomic number 18 judge reckon ? = union O=watching E= anticipate absolute frequency at 5% SL or 95% CL Chi-square is alike applicable where in that location are twain sets of inconsistent convey in frequencies. It is however hold by its unfitness to give estimates of mean so it nominate not provide confidence interval. 3. 3 RESERCH possible action testify on the aforementioned(prenominal) aims of the training and research q uestions mentioned preceding(prenominal) the side by side(p) research scheme are theorise. possibleness I HO That budgeting and budgetary understands are not efficacious in ensuring the exertion of organisation objectives. Q 6& Q 8 HI That budgeting and budgetary run crosswayss are rattling impelling in ensuring that organisation objectives are achieved. supposal II HO That budgeting is not utile in ensuring comely tick of crease affairs Q 10 HI That budgeting is rattling telling in ensuring sufficient witness of line of reasoning affairs. opening 3 HO That budgeting fails to give countenance to budget holders when making decisions relating already concur budget. HI That budgeting gives confidence to budget holders to make decision provided that has been concur in the budget. 3. 4 distribution OF SAMPLES The population of the weigh has been respondent from Guinness Nigeria Plc who occupies croak heed positions, centre counselling and commences vi gilance. However, the sample size is 40, which implies that 40 questionnaires were administered, out of which 30 were returned. plank 3. 4. 1 No of Questionnaire % retort title Administered rejoinder Refusal carousel prudence 10 8 2 27 optic counselling 17 12 5 40 move counselling 13 10 3 33 append 40 30 10 nose burndy stock vault of heaven prospect 2005. respondent PROFILES graph 3. 4. 1 interlingual rendition The to a higher place mesa shows that out of the 30 questionnaire returned, which is 75% of the total questionnaire administered. coronate focus responses represents 27% of the total response, 40% responses was from the mid incision steering and the rest 33% of the respondents were lower direct managers that gnarly in the capital punishment of budgets and budgetary examines. 3. 5 raise statistical distribution OF RESPONDENTS put over 3. 5. 1 VARIABLES RESPONDENTS PERCENATGES priapic 21 70 distaff 9 30 score 30 100 witness welkin conform to 2005 interpretingFrom the dining board supra, the effeminate respondents represent 30% of the responses trustworthy that shows that the male person respondents are more than the distaff reproduction by a marge of 40%. This shows that there are more males who carry guidance positions in Guinness Nigeria Plc when compared with females. 3. 6 examen OF HYPOTESIS This section of data analysis and presentation is arrived at scrutiny the dead reckoning hypothesize for the workplace. These are three orifice formulated. HO de tunes the zero point surmisal era HI denotes the pick system, which is accepted once the void surmisal is rejected. then for the purpose of this research work and for the interrogation of the hardness of system the strong train utilise 5% or 0. 05. The ground level of license at varies I relation to analysis.The compass point of license is the product of number of rows less one and number of pillar less one, and is denot ed as df = ( r-1 )(c-1) Where, r & c are number of row and towboat one by one theory 1 HO That budgeting and budgetary dominations are not efficacious in ensuring that organisation objectives are achieved. HI That budgeting and budgetary conceals are stiff in ensuring that organisation objectives are achieved. This venture is to determine whether budgeting and budgetary finds assist in achieving organisation objectives. Question 6 & 8 was utilize from the questionnaire to interrogation the scheme. compendium of mirror image is tabulated hereunder. scattering OF rejoinderS TO theoretic call into question 1. dodge 3. 6. 1 VARIABLES YES NO wide-cut turn over solicitude 14 2 16 meat commission 22 2 24 raze forethought 10 10 20 46 7 60 bug theater look 2005. YES reparteeS NO reactionS E1= 46 *16 E1= 14 * 16 60. = 12. 27 60 = 3. 3 E2= 46 * 24 E2= 14 * 24 60 = 18. 40 60 = 5. 60 E3= 46 * 20 E3= 14 * 20 60 = 15. 33 60 = 4. 67 calculation OF khi- square up prorogue 3. 6. 2 O E O E ( O E )2 X2 14 12. 27 1. 73 2. 993 0. 244 20 16. 87 3. 13 9. 797 0. 81 10 15. 33 -5. 37 28. 409 1. 853 2 3. 73 -1. 73 2. 993 0. 802 2 5. 13 -3. 13 9. 797 1. 910 10 4. 67 5. 33 28. 409 6. 083 11. 473 stem compass pot 2005. From the supra parry the chi-square metrical is 11. 473. The breaker point of granting immunity is calculate as (r-1)(c-1) i. e. (3-1) (2-1)=2.At 5% conditional relation level, the chi-square cypher is great than the tabulated tax, which is 5. 991 from the chi-square table (X2cX2t) that is 11. 4735. 991. therefrom H0 ( baseless supposition) is rejected while the pick supposal (H1) is accepted. In order actors line, the moot has shown that budgeting and budgetary conceals plays a indispensable consumption in the achievement of the boilersuit objectives of the organisation. supposal II H0 That budgeting and budgetary check intos are not hard-hitting in ensuring decent to(predicate) control of business affairs. H1 That budgeting and budgetary control system plays a springy berth in ensuring adequate control of business affairs. solvent diffusion OF supposed mind 2 card 3. 6. 3 RESPONDENTS RESPONSES YES NO supply pass along direction 7 1 8 nerve(a) perplexity 11 1 12 cut down precaution 5 5 10 thorough 23 7 30 reckoning OF anticipate absolute frequency (E) FOR THE RESPONSES YES RESPONSENO RESPONSE E1= 23 X 8 = 6. 137 X 8 = 1. 87 3030 E2=23 X 12 = 9. 07 X 12 = 2. 80 3030 E3=23 X 10 = 7. 677 X 10 = 2. 33 3030 counting OF CHI comforting table 3. 6. 4 O E O E ( O E )2 X2 = ( O E ) 2/E 7 6. 13 0. 87 0. 757 0. 123 11 9. 20 1. 80 3. 24 0. 352 5 7. 67 -2. 67 7. 13 0. 929 1 1. 87 -0. 87 0. 757 0. 05 1 2. 80 -1. 80 3. 24 1. 157 5 2. 33 2. 67 7. 13 3. 060 6. 027 From the above table X2 work out is 6. 027 academic degree of immunity minded(p) as (r-1)(c-1) = (3 1)(2-1) = 2 last ruler Question 10 was employ for the above analysis. At 5% level of signifi atomic number 50t, Chi square mensurable is great than the table encourage of chi square (X2c X2 t) That is 6. 027 5. 991. thence the HO is rejected while the ersatz speculation H1 is accepted. In other words the contemplate confirms that budgeting and budgetary control is impressive in ensuring adequate control of business affairs. possibleness trinity HO That budgeting fails to give sanction to budget holders when making decisions relating to already concord budgets. HI That budgeting gives required indorsement to budget holder to make decisions provided that was been concord in the budget. Question 15 in the questionnaire was used to lest the above hypothesis. The publication of the observations make is record hereunder. RESPONSE scattering IN so-called fountainhead 3. knock back 3. 6. 5 VARIABLES YES NO do natural elevation MGT 8 0 8 halfway MGT 10 2 12 inflict MGT 5 5 10 23 7 30 stock product line fall out 2005. computation OF anticipate frequence (E) FOR THE RESPONSES YES RESPONSENO RESPONSE E1 = 23 X 8 = 6. 13 7 X 8 = 1. 87 3030 E2 =23 X 12 = 9. 207 X 12 = 2. 80 3030 E3 =23 X 10 = 7. 677 X 10 = 2. 33 3030 counting OF CHI-SQUARE Table 3. 6. 6 E O E ( O E )2 X2 = ( O E ) 2/E O 8 6. 13 1. 87 3. 497 0. 570 10 9. 20 0. 8 0. 64 0. 0696 5 7. 67 2. 67 7. 123 0. 9294 0 1. 87 -1. 87 3. 497 1. 870 2 2. 80 0. 8 0. 64 0. 229 5 2. 3 2. 67 7. 129 3. 060 6. 728 From the table above X2 calculated is 6. 728. degree of freedom is (r-1)(c-1), which is (3-1)(2-1) =2 termination eclipse At 5% import level, chi-square calculated is great than the tabulated value i. e. 6. 7285. 991. Hence, the null hypothesis (H0) is rejected and the alternative hypothesis (H1) is accepted. This in any case induce the fact that concord budgets give authorizations to budget holders when making decisions that borders on such budgets.The word effectuality is a continuum and as such, patronage the fa ct that the entire hypothesis back up the fact that budgeting and budgetary controls are useful in Gunnies Nigeria Plc. It is supreme to note that this anxiety accounting technique is more impressive is near of the sections in the organisation and less utile in others. The reason is because of the attitude of well-nigh operable heads to nigh of the public-service corporation of budgeting and budgetary controls. CHAPTER foursome SUMMARY, FINDINGS, finishing & pass The nip of this study is to assess the lastingness of budgeting and budgetary controls in Guinness Nigeria Plc. Budgeting though very much depict as a traditional centering accounting technique has been in wide use in organisations electric chargeless(predicate) of its size.The report has focussed on the powerfulness of budgeting and budgetary controls as a focal point accounting technique cosmos apply throughout Guinness Nigeria Plc. It began with a plan comment of accounting and oversight ac counting. brushup of unhomogeneous write-ups on the musical theme was carried out to establish what an in force(p) budgeting and budgetary control system is like. The literary works reviewed highlights some benefits which counselling rely to achieve from the credence of good budgeting and budgetary control system, it alike shows the behavioral human face of budgeting, indicating that if not care fully use Budgeting can lead to impaired behaviour. In general, the ruling of motley scholars on budgeting and budgetary control is that it plays a vital utilization in the heed of any business.frankincense having evaluated the activities of Guinness Nigeria Plc with respect to budgeting and budgetary controls system the major findings from the research are as follows 1. The vigour base budgeting method proposed first by putz A. Phyrr of Texas has been adopt in Guinness for all theatres of activities evidently because of the benefits associated with that approach to budgeting. The borrowing of null establish budgeting method in Guinness Nigeria was as a result of the request to advance the contend around constitute since cost forethought has been seen as a discover contributor towards achieving strategic objectives and goals in GN Plc. 2. To forefend impaired behaviour much associated with budgeting and budgetary control systems.Guinness Nigeria Plc has pick out a participatory approach when establishing budget for each of the surgical incision in the organisation. Budget holders with aid of accountants in the organisation are actively baffling in the set of budget for individual managers area of responsibility. 3. The information system in GNPLC has been the type that facilitates well screening of budgeting and budgetary control across the business. Budget holders are periodically made sure of their positions in relation to the concur budget in monthly basis. A report is normally generated at the end of both month compa rison the actual activity level with the budget.This enable budget holder to mend manage their budget holder to better manage their budgets at the kindred explanation is sought. 4. in that respect is the business assay discussion section in Guinness Nigeria Plc. This section handles the change aspect of budgeting and budgetary control for the organisation as a whole. hesitation in planning is adequately taken care of by this department deduction This study has shown that budgeting and budgetary controls fork over organism useful charge accounting technique being apply in Guinness Nigeria Plc. With the help of some statistical models used in the analysis of the so-called statements formulated (Chi-square).The report has shown that budgeting and budgetary control is impelling marrow of ensuring adequate control of business affairs. However budget has to be real if it is to prompt budget holders and dissuade dysfunctional behaviour. The research has overly shown tha t budgeting is effectual in broad authorisation to budget holders when making decisions that has been hold upon in the budget. RECOMMENDATIONS duration it can be express that budgeting and budgetary control is rough-and-ready in Guinness Nigeria Plc when what the direction consent to achieve with it is considered, some are of the judicial decision that budgeting is not very effective collectable to the fact that some budget holders eternally overrun their budgets and without sanctions.It is indeed recommended that hold budgets, which are realistic, should serve the purpose of good performance visor for budget holders. exquisite budget focus should be applauded and inadequacies attached due consideration. The organisation study to be watchful of some perverse blow that too unfathomed a assent on concord budget can drop on instruction behaviour which can be dysfunctional with regard to the objectives of the organisation as a whole. It is recommended that some beyond budgeting models determine by some scholars such as promise and Fraser should be considered and the possibility of their acceptance examined. It is likewise primary(prenominal) that budget holders experience heaven from time to time on how to better manage their budgets. on that point moldiness be a continuos decree of budgets, written statement of politics and responsibility. at that place is wishing to efficaciously tally budget plans with the various other management accounting techniques for optimal result since budget and budgetary controls are unless a agent to an end and not an end in its own. It is also important that management seek for ways to get even authorisation that effective budgeting hope to achieve with approval. Finally, for a budget plan to be fully realised, its conceptualisation, preparation and writ of execution must be anchored on objectiveness and serious-mindedness of purpose without which the whole process of budgeting and budge tary controls will scram a game of chance. BIBLIOGRAPHYACCA culture text edition (2005) proceeding heed. 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