Fibre Optic vs. Coaxial Cables Advantages and Disadvantages

Introduction The advent and continuous growth of information technology has put more emphasis on the speed at which data can be relayed from one point to another. Although data transfer can still occur wirelessly, the fastest and more reliable way of transmitting data is by way of wire connection.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Fibre Optic vs. Coaxial Cables: Advantages and Disadvantages specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Both fiber optic and coaxial cables are used for purposes of transmitting data between different ends. The terminals are varied, including ‘computers, servers, telephones, network hubs, and televisions’. This paper seeks to discuss the two types of wires used for data transmission, and in particular analyze the advantages and disadvantages that each type has over the other. Fiber Optic This type of cable consists of optical fibers that are covered with plastic layers. The cables are often insulated with an outer covering to protect them from any kind of damages within the environments that they are laid in (White, 2013). Advantages of fibre optic cables Fibre optics transmits data at significant speeds and amounts. This is because the cables employ light to transmit the data from different terminal ends. The large capacity that is inherent in the fibre optic cables results from the fact that the cables contain various silica ‘cores’, which have several proliferations. The cables become more popular for transmitting data due to the numerous proliferations. The fibre optic cables occur in two different varieties, the single and multi-mode ranges. These are also referred to as simplex and duplex fiber optic cables. While the single mode can only offer one propagation path that allows data to be transmitted through, the multi-mode variety offers more than one such path. The duplex fibre optic cables have an added advantage because they have the ability to convey data in two directions. Because of the high quality of data that is relayed through fiber optic cables, they are best preferred for all-encompassing professional networks (White, 2013). Most academic institutions like universities will find it appropriate to use fiber optics for their data and overall internet needs. Business campuses also prefer using this type of cables than the coaxial cables. The performance and general quality of fibre optic cables is less varied over distance. This means end user signals for fiber optic cable users will remain less affected in terms of quality irrespective of the distance separating the data source and the terminal point.Advertising Looking for essay on other technology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Fibre optic cables have a strong and generally high quality performance that is less susceptible to noise sources within their surrounding environment. The immunity to EMI and R FI forms of interferences makes the cable good for use, especially in surroundings where such interferences are common. Disadvantages Fiber optic cables are relatively expensive, compared to the coaxial cables. Additionally, they are comparatively novel with a sophisticated design. These characteristics make them less suitable for use within residential and consumer locations. There are safety concerns emanating from exposure to infrared rays. This can even damage the eyes, especially in instances where the power levels are found to be high. There is high risk of being exposed to infrared rays during fibre inspection under lenses. The small glass fragments that make up the fibre optics are also dangerous if they accidentally get under the skin. This can occur mainly when cutting the fiber. Fiber optic cables are susceptible to microscopic flaws that mainly occur during the manufacturing process. The overall handling of the cables, the cabling process, as well as installation imposes some level of stress to the cables, which eventually leads to strength degradation. Such unavoidable stress activities will obviously lower the performance quality of the cables (Shelly, 2008). Coaxial Cables Coaxial cables are made up of two different types of wire, where the central part comprises of a solid wire and the outer part comprises of braided or foil material conductor. An insulating material that runs through the cable separates both conductors from coming into contact (Shelly, 2008). Advantages of coaxial cables This cable type is highly resilient and of good quality. The design of the cable comprises of four layers: ‘the copper core, a dielectric insulator, woven copper guard, and an outer plastic sheath’. This allows the cables to transmit data faster, without being interfered with by the outside environmental factors. A wide variety of networks used for communication purposes make this type of a cable the most preferable. Coaxial cables are relatively less costly and of a simple design. This makes the cable easy to install because they can easily be twisted. As such, most residential installation, as well as medium-capacity data transfer prefers using this type of cable.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Fibre Optic vs. Coaxial Cables: Advantages and Disadvantages specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Disadvantage Coaxial cables are prone to signal leakage owing to the imperfections of the cable’s shielding. Users often experience weak signals often interfered with because of this characteristic of the cable (Shelly, 2008). Although coaxial cables enjoy high-frequency capacity, this gradually reduces as the length of the cable is increased (White, 2013). This means if the source of data is far from the end user terminals, the quality of transmission will be poor and the end-users will have poor quality signals. The performance of coaxial cables reduces with n oise interference. The cables are prone to induced interference, EMI/RFI. Different noise generators, including fluorescent lights, power cables, computers, and industrial equipment, among other noise generators lower the quality of performance for this cable type. Additionally, cable frequency equalization worsens the problem related to noise interference. The transformer effect lowers down the quality and performance of coaxial cables. The cable’s ‘inner and outer conductor material’ makes it suitable for winding transformers, both ‘primary and secondary’. The transformer effect results into leakages that reduce the signal quality at the terminal point (Shelly, 2008). Conclusion Fibre optic and coaxial cables have become more useful in the contemporary world because of the advent and subsequent growth of the information technology. The cables are used mainly for the transmission of data from different terminal points, including computers and televi sions. The fiber optic cable has more advantages than the coaxial cable because of the high frequency of data transfer that it supports. The cables are also immune to noise interferences that affect the quality of coaxial cables. More importantly, the aspect of distance is of little effect to data relayed over fiber optic cables, as is the case with coaxial cables. However, coaxial cables are less costly compared to fibre optics and are most preferred by small-scale users especially within residential locations. They are also easy to connect as they have minimal instances of breaking or being destroyed, as is the case with fiber optic cables. References Shelly, G. B. (2008). Discovering computers 2009: Complete. Boston, MA: Cengage LearningAdvertising Looking for essay on other technology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More White, C. M. (2013). Data communications and computer networks: a business user’s approach. Boston, MA: Cengage Technology This essay on Fibre Optic vs. Coaxial Cables: Advantages and Disadvantages was written and submitted by user Mackenzie Huber to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Free Essays on King Lear

King Lear Essay Outline #6 – Examine the characteristics that make the evil characters temporarily succeed. For what reasons do they fail? I – Introduction  · A Shakespearean play that closely relates to society.  · The evil characters temporarily succeed but fail in the end.  · They think they can outsmart society but get what they deserve in the end.  · Jealousy erupts between the two sisters.  · Edmund’s peculiar change of heart.  · Cornwall didn’t have enough knowledge to persecute Lear and Gloucester.  · Evil characters had to many obstacles to succeed and failed due to other conflicts. Thesis: By looking at Regan’s, Goneril’s, Edmund’s, and Cornwall’s determination for control, desire for power, and lack of conscience they temporarily succeed but fail in the end due to jealousy, change of heart, and lack of control II – Body Paragraph 1  · Sub point: Regan and Goneril portray evil characteristics by being clever; they have no conscience, only appetite.  · Personifications of evil and greedy ambition.  · Profess their love to Lear with lies, insincerity, and wrong intentions.  · This begins Regan and Goneril’s plan because Lear believed then and gave them land.  · Goneril complains about Lear and say, â€Å"His knights grow riotous, and himself upbraids us/† (I iii, line 6)  · Both Regan and Goneril didn’t want Lear to live with them.  · Cornwall and Regan demand that Kent be put in the stocks.  · Goneril makes Lear beg on his knees to Regan for forgiveness.  · They leave Lear outside in storm and lock the doors on him.  · Insult Gloucester, tie him up, and pull on his beard. (pg.161)  · Goneril insults Albany of being a coward.  · Regan promises Oswald a reward if he can kill Gloucester.  · Goneril urges Edmund to kill Albany.  · Begin to fail because of dispute over Edmund.  · Alliance begins to separate because of the desire of Edmund.  · Reg... Free Essays on King Lear Free Essays on King Lear A Great Tragedy: The good misunderstood and the evil accepted Shakespeare’s King Lear and Marlowe’s Doctor Faustus is a detailed description of the consequences of one mans decisions that ends in a tragedy. Lear and Faustus decisions greatly alter their lives and the lives of those around them. These two stories are defined as tragedies because they meet the criteria of what a tragic hero stands for, i.e. a hero is larger than life, and both stories have a tragic fall caused by some error or moral weakness. It is not till the end of the plays that the honest people are recognized. The stories reveal a fatal error in judgement and a character flaw, which causes their downfall, suffering and enlightenment. In the opening of Shakespeare’s King Lear the first error in judgement is introduced in scene 1.1 lines 95-98, where Cordelia confesses her love for her father. Good my lord, You have begot me, bred me, loved me; I return those duties back as are right fit, Obey you, love you, and most honor you. Cordelia understands her position and accepts her duty without question. Lear ignores the fact that cordelia is pouring her heart out and confessing her unconditional love for him and in return he turns his back on her. Cordelia was prideful, and even a fool in her response, but I believe she was simply being honest and true. I believe this is the beginning of his downfall, which will lead him on a path of suffering. Lear made a monumental mistake when he handed over his kingship to his two evil daughters, Regan and Goneril. This is what eventually led him to his mental breakdown and the deaths of many individuals. If he had only choose to keep control over his kingdom or to give up control to someone trustworthy, then his suffering would have been reduced. Faustus much like Lear has made an error in judgement when he chooses to ignore the advice of the fictional Good and Bad Angels and the old man. The ... Free Essays on King Lear King Lear Essay Outline #6 – Examine the characteristics that make the evil characters temporarily succeed. For what reasons do they fail? I – Introduction  · A Shakespearean play that closely relates to society.  · The evil characters temporarily succeed but fail in the end.  · They think they can outsmart society but get what they deserve in the end.  · Jealousy erupts between the two sisters.  · Edmund’s peculiar change of heart.  · Cornwall didn’t have enough knowledge to persecute Lear and Gloucester.  · Evil characters had to many obstacles to succeed and failed due to other conflicts. Thesis: By looking at Regan’s, Goneril’s, Edmund’s, and Cornwall’s determination for control, desire for power, and lack of conscience they temporarily succeed but fail in the end due to jealousy, change of heart, and lack of control II – Body Paragraph 1  · Sub point: Regan and Goneril portray evil characteristics by being clever; they have no conscience, only appetite.  · Personifications of evil and greedy ambition.  · Profess their love to Lear with lies, insincerity, and wrong intentions.  · This begins Regan and Goneril’s plan because Lear believed then and gave them land.  · Goneril complains about Lear and say, â€Å"His knights grow riotous, and himself upbraids us/† (I iii, line 6)  · Both Regan and Goneril didn’t want Lear to live with them.  · Cornwall and Regan demand that Kent be put in the stocks.  · Goneril makes Lear beg on his knees to Regan for forgiveness.  · They leave Lear outside in storm and lock the doors on him.  · Insult Gloucester, tie him up, and pull on his beard. (pg.161)  · Goneril insults Albany of being a coward.  · Regan promises Oswald a reward if he can kill Gloucester.  · Goneril urges Edmund to kill Albany.  · Begin to fail because of dispute over Edmund.  · Alliance begins to separate because of the desire of Edmund.  · Reg... Free Essays on King Lear The tempest in Act III influences the character King Lear significantly. The storm is an echo of Lear’s inner turmoil and his growing insanity: the awesome power of the storm is a physical, chaotic natural reflection of Lear’s internal confusion. Although Lear does not recover his good sense, and learn from his mistakes to become a better king, he begins to learn his weakness and insignificance compared to the remarkable forces of the natural world. As result of this Lear begins to become a humble and caring individual. The storm is a reflection of the crazed mind that Lear possesses. Trying to face down the storm shows despair and the increased loss of his sense of reality. Speaking to the storm, he commands: Blow, winds, and crack your cheeks! rage! blow! You cataracts and hurrincanoes, spout Till you have drenched our steeples, drowned the cocks! (King Lear P.105). The king is powerless to the storm making him realize his own mortality Lear believes his world is coming to an end because his daughters have betrayed him. Also by having his power stripped from him by his daughters, he thinks that the outside world is going to end as well. The chaos that is the storm, is also a reflection of the chaos of Britain without Lears authority. Along with Lear's growing despair and projection, we also see his understandable obsession with his daughters betrayal: "Nor rain, wind, thunder, fire, are my daughters: / I tax you not, you elements, with unkindness" (King Lear P.105). Lear tells the thunder that he does not blame it for attacking him because it does not owe him anything. But he does blame his "two pernicious daughters"(King Lear P.107) for their betrayal. In spite of the clear onset of insanity, Lear exhibits some degree of rational thought he is still able to locate the source of his misfortune. Lear is realizing that he is going mad, even with this terrifying realization he starts to become compassionate ... Free Essays on King Lear According to critics, King Lear is the most devastating of Shakespeare’s tragedies and perhaps his most moving. King Lear is just as powerful when translated to different languages, converted to film, and set in lands far different than ancient Britain. Upon completing the text of King Lear and watching it on film, I have determined that there are numerous differences between the two. Some of these differences found in the film make the tragedy more effective, while others are rather insignificant and deter from the themes discussed in the book. Each performance and portrayal of the play is unique in its own way. Some ideas are presented better in the movie, while others are presented better in the book. As I read throughout the text of the play, I imagined the castle as being large and constructed of concrete. We soon find out that it is made of wood and the roof seems to leak. When we picture royalty, we see the best living conditions and environment known to man. The film shows King Lear and his family residing in an old, run down facility. People of significance and higher class most often are clean shaven and wear the finest of clothing. The characters in the movie have full beards, long gnarly hair, and present themselves in an unorthodox manner. These traits and customs are rather insignificant to the emotions brought forth by the play, but still present the audience with a form of irony. Lear’s daughters, Goneril and Regan, were thought to be younger than the film portrayed them as. Lear is pictured exactly how I imagined him. I believe that if the film had cast younger females to play the roles that it would produce a larger contrast showing just exactly how old King Lear truly is. This wouldn’t fit in with the description of King Lear though. King Lear is said to be in his eighty’s. If the film showed his daughters being really young, confusion would result. The chance of an old man having really...

Project Management of Marks&Spencer Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Project Management of Marks&Spencer - Case Study Example Project Management is the art of directing and coordinating human and material resources throughout the life of a project by using modern management techniques to achieve predetermined objectives of scope, cost, time and quality and participation satisfaction. In order to meet the organizational objective of providing increased satisfaction to the customers by offering products of superior quality and an efficient service in more attractive surroundings that are comfortable to the customers a continuous stores development programme on the part of Marks & Spencer is the most important factor to decide on the expansion and modernization of their stores locations. Apart from the customer satisfaction from the commercial angle also when there is an opportunity for increased profitability resulting from such relocation the company would as well take it up to get the advantage. In the instant case the new location Kendal being a busy market town as well as a popular tourist area in Cumbria offered excellent prospects of increased sales activity. Existing sales performances, proposed selling space available, local customer profile, size of the catchment of the population and local competition are some of the other deciding factors that will infl uence the decision about the project. The major obstacle was the climatic factor as the n... The initial preparation of the site by the contractor may also pose an issue though not a major one. It was necessary to get all the statutory clearances by giving notices abiding by the requirements of public notice periods so that if there are any objections from the public. Another issue in the way of the progress of the project was the important building regulations approval required was for the changes in the elevation involving design changes and relocation of entrances. One of the major obstacles faced was in the issue of the opening dates so that the sales during the festive season were not missed. However the project team did not want to rush up and end in doing wrong things. Discussion and Evaluation: As outlined earlier the organizational objective of Marks & Spencer in improving customer satisfaction and thereby achieving enhanced profitability was aimed to be achieved through this relocation project. The major deciding factor in favour of the project is the location of the new site which is a business town as well as a tourist spot which offers a twin advantage for improving the sales of the company. Moreover the geographical location also went in favour of the decision to relocate. As explained by the Stores Planner the customer satisfaction can be improved not only by offering quality products to the customers but also by providing an attractive and comfortable stores environment. When both these factors are combined in any retail store relocation, the project is bound to result a remarkable success. Moreover efficient stores design also result in an effective cost minimisation. A lot of inputs in the form of studying the existing

How are Clausewitzian concepts (if any) illuminated by Napoleon's Essay

How are Clausewitzian concepts (if any) illuminated by Napoleon's experience - Essay Example Instead, he used his military victories over neighbouring countries to instill in them new institutions and codes of law. He introduced new forms of education and ways of doing politics. The introduction of various civil codes throughout Europe were perhaps his greatest achievement (McLynn, 255). He himself believed his Civil Code would long outlast any of his military glories (Wanniski, 184). But they could not have been introduced without the wars that preceded them. Napoleon was a genius when it came to warfare and operations, but he had a larger vision too (Archer, 380). Napoleon had a vision for Europe and for France. He felt that certain principles should be at the forefront of the Continental way of life. He was clearly an operational genius with respect to military affairs, but he also embodied, more than anyone, the Clausewitzian maxim that war is politics by other means. Work consulted Archer, Christon I.; John R. Ferris, Holger H. Herwig. World History of Warfare. Universi ty of Nebraska Press, 2002. McLynn, Frank. Napoleon. Pimlico, 1998. Wanniski, Jude. The Way the World Works. Regnery Gateway, 1998.

Cultural-Adaptation Essay Example for Free

Cultural-Adaptation Essay The East African tribe ‘Maasai’ can be found in Kenya and certain parts of Tanzania. Their subsistence strategy has primarily been pastoral for several centuries. The Maasai herd cows, sheep and goats for a livelihood as they depend on the meat and milk for their survival. The Maasai are also semi-nomadic people, making them pastoral nomads (ONeil 2). This helps them move from place to place, in search of better climatic and external conditions suitable for raising their herd animals. They constantly move to areas having greener pastures and adequate water to ensure that their livestock are healthier; it also facilitates grass growing back again in areas that have been grazed by cattle. Their choice of location would also depend upon other factors such as safety from predators such as lions. The Maasai do not construct permanent settlements as they are constantly on the move; they live in temporary dwellings that are simple to construct. The social structure of the Maasai has played a key role in preserving the tribe’s primary subsistence strategy as pastoral for centuries. The age-based social structure is quite fair and consistent as there is no discrimination based on caste or familial segregations. However, there are certain gender-based roles and customs within the tribe. The men are divided into the youths, the warriors also know as ‘moran’, and the elders. On the other hand, the young girls get married to warrior men, bear children and raise them; the women can also become elders after their bear four children. The youths become warriors around the â€Å"age of 13 to 17† and move to a different village, live in unsecure enclosures called ‘manyatta built by their mothers and eventually get married (Martin 7). It is the duty of the warriors to ensure that the tribe is safe and cattle are protected from predators. They are mentally conditioned as well as physically trained from a very young age to perform this duty. The Maasai women specialize in building houses from sticks, mud and cow dung. This helps the tribe to move from place to place easily and sustain their semi-nomadic way of life. The Maasai men also build thorn fences to keep their cattle safe in enclosures. The elders are supposed to impart wisdom and live passive lives, as the responsibilities and duties of the tribe pass over to the next generation of warriors. The authority figure in their social system is a person known as laibon, roughly translated as ’medicine man’; the ‘laibon’ also fills the religious needs of the tribe and practices shamanism for healing. This uniform socio-cultural structure lends stability and contributes to the subsistence of the Maasai way of life, as there is very little room for rebellion within the group. Many aboriginal cultures around the world are going through transition due to modernization and the Maasai are no exception to this rule. Urbanization had led to the Maasai being confined to smaller areas, thus threatening their way of life. To cope with these changes, a small segment of the tribe has recently changed its subsistence strategy to agriculture, fishing and taking menial jobs in urbanized areas. The tourism industry promoted by the government has compelled certain Maasai tribes to diverge away from their self-sufficient lifestyle and act as showpieces for tourists (Akama 717). However, the Maasai still retain certain aspects of their cultural identify such as speaking a language called ‘Maa’ and wearing a red cloth called the ‘shuka’; they also pierce their earlobes and adorn large metal earrings. Despite the influence of the modern world, a large segment of the Maasai tribe is still quite self-sufficient as they produce their own food from cattle and take care of other needs such as shelter and medicine. Works Cited Page Akama, John. Marginalization of the Maasai in Kenya. Annals of Tourism Research, Volume 26, Number 3, July 1999. Martin, Marlene. Society-MASAI. The Center for Social Anthropology and Computing. June 14, 2009, http://lucy. ukc. ac. uk/EthnoAtlas/Hmar/Cult_dir/Culture. 7860 ONeil, Dennis. (2007). Patterns of Subsistence: Pastoralism. Palomar College. June 14, 2009, http://anthro. palomar. edu/subsistence/sub_3. htm

Creating An Online Shopping System

Creating An Online Shopping System The online shopping system is fast gaining media for to sale or purchase items from anywhere and anytime. It is basically based on Internet, It is related with B2C (Business to Customer) model and status of the design and development of e-commerce platform. It can not only save the operating costs of enterprises as well as save the time of customer to go shopping at mall and it is increasing the efficiency of business. This document shows the status of Online Shopping System and development background and then introduces or discusses the system design, system objectives, system requirements and overall all phases of development or implementation of system. This system provides good facilities to users with GUI forms to registration, shopping cart management, and information modify etc. for customer. It has also provided some facilities to Admin as add item, update item and etc. It has been designed with B/S three tier structures, JSP technology for dynamic page design and for system security and code reuse the JavaBeans has used. And for better communication between system and easy to access, as well as to store large data of the database has used MSSql Server 2000. In this basically the two user one is Admin who can add item, update item control over the database or the management of customer information and keep security over the information of the customer as well as products. Second is customer who access the site for his requirement, he can register, search or see the products, details of products and comment for product and can do secure transactions over the internet. Chapter 1: Introduction What I am going to do? In the proposed system , as discuss in the abstract we are going to develop the new website Online Shopping System for computer products. In the website I followed the software development methodology called incremental approach nad according to it the system is mainly divided inot the two kinds of users and three kinds of mechanisms in order to make more sutaible for the end users to fulfill their all requirments from one place with quick and in more understandable manner. Here two kinds of users are Admin and End user means customer. In addition to this, three kinds of methods which considered here are NetUI means make available access to the end users for everything from the net which is developed with help of JSP and HTML, second one is the database which used to store large amount of data and easily can retrieve,update etc, and last one is the controls used for the same. Thus here we followed the model based UI desing approach. The important things which we added with this websi te is the latest product with latest configuration customer can choose as per configuration of that product, external devices, security for transcation, customer can send their view or comment and many more. Background In the current world the rapid development of Internet, the Internet has expressly become the best and fast media for collecting information, communication as well as entered into the commerce means selling, purchasing etc. So e-commerce became more popular and more businesses build an online store to show consumers a new shopping concept. Online shopping system as B2B, B2C, C2C ecommerce front-end business platform, the whole process of its business activities plays an important roles. In this site or system, consideration is how to build a B2C Online Shopping System. Online shopping is a kind of interactive features business information which provides users with two types of static and dynamic information resources. The static information are those that change frequently or later that resources, sucha as company profile, management practices and corporate systems etc. Dynamic information is subject to change information, such as commodity quotes, meeting arrangements, and training information. Online shopping system has powerful interactive features to enables businesses and users to easily transfer inoformation to complete e-commerce transactions. This new inter-company transactions to achieve the paperless exchange of documents and funds. Technologies Selection and Justification Following is description of technologies which are used for the website work: 1.3.1 Hardware/Software Requirements Software specifications Category (Software tools) Software Name Operating System Microsoft Windows, Linux Designing Tool MyEclipse 7.1 Front End JSP, HTML Back End MSSql Server 2000 Hardware specifications: Hardware Minimum Requirement Microprocessor Intel 3.1GHz processor or onwards Random Access Memory (RAM) 512 MB RAM. Hard Disk Drive 20GB (min. free useable disk space). 1.3.2 Technology Description 1) JSP: As there are number of acronyms with which the Internet is packed, another one is JSP. Here the JSP is standing for the Java Server Pages, but its commonly known as the JSP. JSP is nothing but the scripting language and very much similar to the ASP, PHP languages. Using the JSP, contents in the website are generated dynamically which allowing the rather than only statically as with the HTML. There are many free hosting available for the JSP websites because of the reason is that JSP is free and open source, simple, robust. There are other web development technologies also available now days such as PHP, ASP.net etc. But we encountered some problems with such technologies which are presented in following justification for the same: JSP over PHP: Both (JSP PHP) is web technologies are strong. For the most of the enterprise level applications JSP is better way to do because of its security, stability, speed of execution etc and more are the advantages of JSP. We encountered the problem with the PHP is that it becomes not more secure as compare JSP. As compared to the PHP, JSP is more rapid tool for the development of websites, once we know it, we can design any kind of pages which seems to us harder with the PHP because PHP is harder and also fewer objects oriented than JSP. Using JSP, we can develop web application quick by maintaining the level of performance, security for the same. JSP over ASP.NET: ASP.NET is come with the Microsoft product in the VS framework which is also one of the better way to designs and develop our websites, but the problem with such technology is that it is available only commercially means not freely as the JSP. As the we are getting same performances from the JSP as from the ASP.net, then its enough to decide to go with the JSP. Apart from this, there some other advantages which of JSP over the ASP.NET we observed such as: Freely Avaliable and Platform independent. Hosting is Cheply available. Web Server for JSP is free. If OS is Linux, no need to pay for the antivirus softwares. Rapid development. 2) MSSql Server 2000: One of the powerful is MSSql. There are many other powerful databases such as Oracle, Mysql etc are available. But while selecting MSSql database, there are two things which were addressed as compared to Oracle as well as MySql as: database which is best suitable with the JSP and another one is database which have fast speed to retrieve, update or communication with data. While with Oracle, MySqlserver there lot of extra efforts needs to be done before setting up the web application, the MSSql database is easy database with the high reliability, fast performance, and easy to use. Project Plan Thus as we used the incremental methodology of the software development, this project is divided into the different phases like requirement analysis phase, designing phase, development phase, deployment phase, testing phase etc. Following chart shows the overview of the proposed project plan with their time durations. Website Development Phases 1) Table for the Effort Estimate Module Duration Outcomes Milestones Existing Website Analysis and comparison with proposed one 4 weeks Software Development Methodology 1 week Planning and Designing 1+2 weeks Flow of System 1 weeks Modules designing their outcomes 2 week Modules design document Development and Deployment 8 weeks Primary system Website Testing 3 weeks Test Reports formal Thesis 1 weeks Complete project report formal 2) Module Description: Module Task Description Module 1 Information analysis Gathering of Information as well as analysis related to the online store or website for computer products. Module 2 Technology methodology After conducting the analysis, selection of the technologies as well as methodologies is done by considering all the consequences. Module 3 Flowchart Designing Module assignment as well as flow control of process according to the methodologies selected. Module 4 Website Implementation All modules code implementation as well as integration of them into one system. Module 5 Testing Overall website working is tested and conducted. Module 6 Thesis Thesis preparation on the basis of current research results. 3) Project plan Date Module Mar/10 April/10 May/10 Jun/10 July/10 Module 1 Module 2 Module 3 Module 4 Module 5 Module 6 Quality Plan In this section, some of the quality planes which are considered in order to maintain the quality of the proposed website. The major quality measure which we considered for the website is the proper validation for different things and response time of the proposed website because on the basis of this customers attraction is depends. Following is the brief explanation of these terms: 1) HTML Validation Using this validation we can check the document correctness against the DOCTYPE which is declared. On the basis of this various kinds of reports generated if there are any bugs with it. 2) Validating Links This is one important issue with the websites. Links of the website are checked against the all links given in the website whether they are working according to the specification given. 3) Validating Accessibility This is the most important activity which must be included in every website quality planning. It is not enough only to make the website, because people from different places, with different platforms accessing our website. The initiative of web accessibility is the maintaining the resources list which will help in order to designing the websites which will accessible. 4) Response Time For the websites like proposed one its necessary to check up with the response time of server because with websites several shopping transactions need to be done. Chapter 2: Software Development Methodologies 2.1 Types of Methodologies The mechanism of methodology is mainly composed of the one or more techniques in conjunction with the one of the models of software development. The prototyping techniques, object oriented techniques which are the multiple ways in order to implement the models such as incremental, waterfall and spiral models. During the single project such kinds of mechanisms are matched as well as mixed. Thus the methodology = techniques + models. Following are different kinds of methodologies which are prepared on the basis of combination of techniques as well as models: 1) Waterfall Model (Life Cycle) 2) Prototyping Model (Life Cycle) 3) Iterative Enhancement Model 4) Incremental Model 5) The Spiral Model 6) Object Oriented Methodology In the next section, we will see the details of each of these models in brief [Ref. http://codebetter.com/blogs/raymond.lewallen/archive/2005/07/13/129114.aspx ] 2.2) Introduction Methodologies 1) Waterfall Model: This model is called as the waterfall model, because in this model the more emphasizes is on the complete phase development before proceeding with the next phase of the development. With the combination with some kinds phase completions, establishment of the baseline is done which freezes the development products at such point. If the current requirement is identified in order to change these products, then the process of formal change is followed in order make the change. Such kind of phases graphic representation during the software development resembling the waterfall model downward flow. [Ref. http://www.onestoptesting.com/sdlc-models/waterfall-model ] 2) Prototyping Model: Waterfall model is basically designed for addressing the issues with the waterfall model. In this model, the basic idea is that rather than freezing the requirements before coding or designs we can proceed, using the throwaway prototype requirements of the development understands. On the basis of requirements which are currently known. The prototype development is inside contains the coding, designing as well as testing. But each of these phases is not done very formally or thoroughly. Thus using such kind of mechanism, end users can get the systems actual feel, only because of the thing that prototype interactions will allow clients to understand the requirements better way for the desired system. 3) Iterative Enhancement Model: This model is trying to combine the features of models like waterfall as well as prototyping models. The main idea behind such model is that development of the software is done on the basis of incremental approaches, in which each and every increment is adding the some kind of functional capability in the system still the system is fully implemented. During the every step, extensions, designing and modifications are made. [Ref. http://codebetter.com/blogs/raymond.lewallen/archive/2005/07/13/129114.aspx ] 4) Incremental Model Main idea in this model is that during the overlapping sections waterfall is performed in order to attempt projects of waterfall model compensate which is done by generating the earlier usable functionality. This kind of model may be needed the overall requirements set that are small projects series. With the general objectives, initially using the basic objective, incremental model is started. 5) Spiral Model The model for the incremental is can be considered as the spiral model sometimes. The view of the spiral model is illustrating the one of the strength of the previous model in this section which is: system size grows while the resources can be held on constant. The size of spiral is corresponds to the size of system, on the other hand the distance among the coils indicating the resources. As the name indicating such model has many cycles. The dimension of the radial representing cumulative cost which is incurred while accomplishing the steps that are done so far as well as dimension of angular representing the progress which is made during the completing the every spiral cycle. [Ref. http://codebetter.com/blogs/raymond.lewallen/archive/2005/07/13/129114.aspx ] 6) Object Oriented Methodology As the name indicating, such methodology requiring using the object oriented techniques which can be used during the requirement analysis, designing and implementation phase of the system. Such kind of methodology asking for the analyst for determining the systems objects, their behavior over the time or their behavior in response to the events, as well as what kind of relations and responsibilities an object has to with the other objects. [Ref. http://codebetter.com/blogs/raymond.lewallen/archive/2005/07/13/129114.aspx ] 2.3 Advantages and Disadvantages Advantages of Prototyping Model Early functionality. Providing the process in order to perfect the definition of requirments. Providing the risk control. Main focus of the documentation is on the end product rather than the evolution of product. Providing the basic specification which is embodied in the operating replica. Disadvantages of Prototyping Model This method is less applicable for the existing systems as compare to the existing new systems development. Suffering from the dirty documentaion. Bad reputation in between the conservatives because of dirty and quick method. Sometimes using this method system is developed with the poor performance. Advantages of Iterative Method Reliable software production. This may be intrdouced gradually to an organization. Disadvantages of Iterative Method Complete sets of requirements are required. Disciplined style may stifle creativity. Advantages of Object-Oriented: Problem owners can joining in producing the solution. Maintenance costs are less due to the object oriented analysis which encourages the complete set of solution. This kind of model expresses the reality of users view. Disadvantages of Object-Oriented This is difficult for those methods which is having the structured analysis of background. This method may be difficult with the DoD-STD- 2167A. [Ref. http://codebetter.com/blogs/raymond.lewallen/archive/2005/07/13/129114.aspx ] 2.4 Details: Two Methodologies In the following section, discussion and detailed working of the two models such as incremental model and waterfall model. 1) Waterfall Model: As we discussed the basic working this model in above section, in this section we will take the overview of basic steps of the model in the software development: Following figure shows the different phase in the development of the software. The documentation included the documentation from each phase. The phases below the detailed design phase include software as part of their output. Transition from phase to phase is accomplished by holding a formal review that is attended by the contractor and appropriate government agencies. These reviews provide the government insight into the contractors progress. At critical points on the waterfall model, baselines are established, the last of which is the product baseline. [Figure:1: Waterfall Model] As showing in above figure 1, as the name indicating waterfall model is made up of sequentially of phases one after the next phase. In comparison with the other software development models, following are some of the salient attributes of this model: This is the forma method. This is like top down development approach. This is consisting of phases which are independent and needs to be completed sequentially. This model is used in different ways: Phases are combined, The starting as well as ending points are different. [Ref. http://www.onestoptesting.com/sdlc-models/waterfall-model ] 2) Incremental Method: C:Documents and Settingsgodwit3Desktopincremental-model1.gif As we discussed in the last paragraph, the model of incremental is performing the waterfall in the overlapping sections in order to attempt length compensation for the waterfall model projects by generating the earlier useful functionality. As compared to the waterfall model, a project which uses the incremental model is starting with the general objectives. In this case, some part of such objectives are defined as the requirements as well as are implemented, after that the next part of these objective are considered and implemented, this process is continues until the complete objective is achieved. However as compare to the complete requirements general objectives can be uncomfortable for the management. Well defined interfaces are needed due to the fact that few modules may be completed early compare to others. This model is more flexible for the development of the websites as compare to the softwares. Thus we selected incremental model for the same. [Ref. http://testing-mines.blogspot.com/2006/05/what-is-incremental-model.html] 2.5) Methodology Selection For our proposed application we have to use the method of Incremental approach which is best suitable for such kinds of applications. Because of the following benefits from it: Generates working software quickly and early during the software life cycle. More flexibleless costly to change scope and requirements. Easier to test and debug http://kona.kontera.com/javascript/lib/imgs/grey_loader.gif during a smaller iteration. Each iteration is an easily managed milestone. Due to iteration each phase complete within timeperiod. Chapter 3: Literature Survey 3.1 Overview of Online Shopping System: Online Shopping System is the shopping cart system that enables customers to find and purchase the products and services. The system allows customers to get list of item for purchase by placing items into shopping cart. At the checkout the system will calculate a total of the all item which are added by customer and if any applicable taxes, shipping and handling charges will be added. Mainly three types of shopping cart systems that are used to build better ecommerce stores as, Ordering systems, online storefront builder systems and third is specialized systems. An ordering shopping system is the most basic that makes it possible to select and purchase online and specialized system basically offers for business to business solutions but we are implementing for customer. So we will use the storefront builder for larger store offerings with combines all of the features of an order system with contact management system. Storefront shopping systems normally include a database as storefront and administrative function area. In the database stores customer data, order information, product details etc. A storefront system displays this information while admin want allows a business to manage the shopping store data as insert, update or delete product information. Storefront has a store catalog that is usefully for presented and pleasing for customers. Good admin functionality have to easy for navigation, manages modules, assign options and flexible to manage all t hings which needs for shipping. There many options for hosting shopping cart or website, mainly online ecommerce store will used a licensed or hosted system for shopping cart or website. A licensed hosting system can be installed and downloaded on a web server by associate with onetime fee or charges for hosting. A hosted system never be downloaded but is hosted through a hosting service providers and it requires fee or nominal percentage of sales as per their rules. A good website or shopping cart system enables both the ecommerce store; owner and customer have to participate with each other in this business with honesty. Without this the ecommerce business or online business would not be successive. 3.2 Components of Online Shopping System: Online Shopping processes are comprised of four main components: engage, purchase, fulfill and support, as illustrated in Figure 3.1. C:Documents and SettingsHemantLocal SettingsTemporary Internet FilesContent.WordNew Picture.bmp Information required for customer care is derived primarily from customer data warehouse for linking to multiple touch points and marketing knowledge bases. Furthermore, these must be integrated with (1) enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems, (2) partner relationship management systems, and (3) supply chain systems. 3.2.1 Engage Component E-Business-sizing the engage component means network enabling the process of enticing the right customers to buy a product or service. Some forms of proactive engagement are having your product or service appear prominently in the results of a popular search engine, or via advertising banners pushed to an idle cell phone display. The Online selling system aspect is not only doing online marketing, sales and service but also supporting these functions in traditional channels (e.g. storefront, reseller) through use of Internet and/or wireless technology. Here we focus on Internet supported enablers for engagement. The discussion applies for businesses from pure dot coms, to physical companies with a web channel (clicks and mortar), to net market makers and breakers. Software companies like Netscape used giving a product away for free as an effective engage instrument. Revenues could be obtained later through another product. In Netscapes case, it is the quarter million dollars plus sui te of XPert e-Commerce tools. In RedHats case, millions were made in escalating share price. Some companies give away teasers, or stripped down products or services. After the customer is engaged, revenue may be obtained from the company Offering billable add-on features. These strategies complement other marketing campaign strategies such as spreads of limited time price reductions, sales, or clearances. Interactive marketing effectively tracks customer movements and pushes suggestions or advertisements out to that customer. Online interactive marketing uses customer profiling, personalization and contextual advertising extensively. When a customer starts looking for product or service information, online or offline, he or she engages in browsing content, searching, comparing, configuring, interacting, questioning, and listening. Online shopping system must support these activities as well as identify needs and solve customers problems. Throughout these stages, advertising is effective to get the customers to look at product. Interacting, configuring, listening and questioning are the ways that a merchant presents personalized views to the customer. This comprises the themes for personalization/trust, marketing and content for points of contact. The themes range from picking and choosing products to pushing specific information to the customer. Personalization in the search context is the process of tailoring information to the specific user. This includes localization of content, contextual presentation of data and iterative learning based on user inputs. Localization of content is the ability to understand the customer requirements at each location and the tailoring of content to suit them. This is made more difficult by the nature of globalization of business. A good example is presentation of prices to a customer. Localized content would be required to present to the customer a true price to them, reflective of all of the pertinent costs, rules and regulations. Locality also dictates how a customer interacts with the presence. Identifying needs and solving customer problems in the context of engage enablers means explaining the product or service to fit the customer needs. Marketing at the engage stage can act as a conduit for new product or service development. Access to a common customer database allows businesses to more effectively cross-sell and up-sell. The access to complete customer information can facilitate business to create a richer customer experience. Another aspect of engaging a customer is the coordination of effort with channel partners. Most customers do not want to have to say no to the same product or service to multiple companies in a short time period. To avoid potential customer annoyance, channel partners need to share and manage lead information on prospects or potential customers. Another point is that online prospects are directed to the channel partner that can offer the best service to the customer. All online prospects are automatically recorded in a database. The leads are then available for follow-up by sales personnel. Dot com companies also use traditional media such as newspapers, radio and television to engage new customers. In fact, it is well known that dot com companies reinvest from 50 to 85% of their revenues in marketing to build brand. Clicks and mortar companies use the web channel to complement traditional engagement methods. Both types of companies advertise web sites through regular media such as brochures. All types of business use profitability and competitor analyses to target the right prospects, customers, and partners in the first place. Data mining of the customer data warehouse supports these types of analyses and allows the business to effectively create marketing campaigns. Full knowledge management allows personalization and one-to-one marketing. Sales order history can be used to personalize and create a customer service offering by allowing customers to view their past transactions. Best of breed examples include full customer care suites that have integrated sales order history with the marketing systems. [Ref: [1], G.L, Service positioning through structural change, Journal of Marketing (1987), 34-43. [2] Smith A.K., Bolton R.N., Wagner J., A model of customer satisfaction with service encounters involving failure and recovery, Journal of Marketing Research, Vol. 36, No. 3, Aug. 1999 ] 3.2.2 Order Component Ordering is the process where a customer selects and makes a commitment to purchase a product. This includes a variety of selection, payment mechanisms, and order management mechanisms. Ordering has traditionally been a sales process. However interactive marketing threads through this process and there is opportunity for service also. The customer does not distinguish between dealing with the marketing, sales, or support areas he/she is dealing with the business. The web channel particularly blurs these functionalities as customers expect view the business all at once. Product or service selection is facilitated by real-time shopping environments created to give consolidated views of price, availability, shipping and tax rules, and any other pertinent information that would alleviate the ordering process. Customer ordering ties to the enterprise resource planning (ERP) or back office system for dynamic pricing, just-in-time (JIT) inventory control and other logistical and customer-c entric mechanisms. This is why supply chain visibility is important in Online selling system. It generates customer expectations that are more accurate because the customer is presented with accurate delivery date and order status information. Customers want to make incremental changes to orders until the time of shipment; they want to see past order history. For these reasons, an order system must go beyond order capture to create real value to the customer. It must access real time supply chain management data -demand planning and forecasting, manufacturing planning and scheduling, distribution and deployment p

The Return: Shadow Souls Chapter 26

â€Å"We have to keep our minds on saving Stefan,† Elena was saying in the room Damon had taken over for his own, the old library in Lady Ulma's mansion. â€Å"Where else would my mind be?† Damon said, never taking his eyes off her neck with its ornaments of mother-of-pearl and diamonds. Somehow the milk-white dress served to emphasize the slim soft column of Elena's throat, and Elena knew it. She sighed. â€Å"If we thought you really meant it, then we could all just relax.† â€Å"You mean be as relaxed as you are?† Elena gave herself an inner shake. Damon might seem to be completely absorbed with one thing and one thing only, but his sense of self-preservation made sure that he was constantly on guard, and seeing not just what he wanted to see but everything that was around him. And it was true that Elena was almost unbearably excited. Let the others think it was about her marvelous dress – and it was a marvelous dress, and Elena was profoundly grateful to Lady Ulma and her helpers for getting it done in time. What Elena was really excited about, though, was the chance – no, the certainty, she told herself firmly – that tonight she was going to find half of the key that would allow them to free Stefan. The thought of his face, of seeing him in the flesh was†¦ Was terrifying. Thinking about what Bonnie had said when she was asleep, Elena reached out for comfort and understanding, and somehow found that instead of holding Damon's hand, she was in Damon's arms. The real question is: what will Stefan say about that night at the motel with Damon? What would Stefan say? What was there to say? â€Å"I'm frightened,† she heard, and a minute too late, recognized her own voice. â€Å"Well, don't think about it,† Damon said. â€Å"It'll only make things worse.† But I've lied, Elena thought. You don't even remember it, or you'd be lying, too. â€Å"Whatever happened, I promise I'll still be around for you,† Damon said softly. â€Å"You've got my word on that, anyway.† Elena could feel his breath against her hair. â€Å"And on keeping your mind on the key?† Yes, yes, but I haven't fed properly today. Elena started, then clasped Damon closer. For just an instant she'd felt, not merely a ravaging hunger, but a sharp pain that puzzled her. But now, before she could quite locate it in space, it was gone, and her connection to Damon had been abruptly cut off. Damon. â€Å"What?† Don't shut me out. â€Å"I'm not. I've just said all there is to say, that's all. You know I'll be looking for the key.† Thank you. Elena tried again. But you can't just starve – Who said I was starving? Now Damon's telepathic connection was back, but something was missing. He was deliberately holding something back, and concentrating on assaulting her senses with something else – hunger. Elena could feel it rampaging in him, as if he were a tiger or wolf that had gone for days – for weeks – without making a kill. The room did a slow spin around her. â€Å"It's†¦all right,† she whispered, amazed that Damon was able to stand and hold her at all, with his insides tearing at him that way. â€Å"Whatever†¦you need†¦take†¦Ã¢â‚¬  And then she felt the most gentle probing at her throat of razor-sharp teeth. She gave herself up to it, surrendering to the sensations. In preparation for the Silver Nightingale's gala, where they would be searching for the first half of the double fox key to release Stefan, Meredith had been reading some of the hard copy she'd stuffed into her bag, from the huge amount of information she had downloaded from the Internet. She had done her best to describe everything that she'd learned to Elena and the others. But how could she be sure that she hadn't missed some vital clue, some vastly important thread of information that would make all the difference tonight between success and failure? Between finding a way to save Stefan and coming home defeated, while he languished in prison. No, she thought, standing by a silvered mirror, almost afraid to look at the exotic beauty she had become. No, we can't even think of the word failure. For the sake of Stefan's life, we have to succeed. And we have to do it without getting caught.

Managing Outbreaks of an Infection Essay

NICE and Department of Health Guidelines NICEandDepartment of Health guidelines set the standards for high quality healthcare. It encourages a healthy lifestyle for people. The NICE and Department of Health guidelines are also used by the NHS, Local Authorities, employers, voluntary groups and anyone else involved in delivering care and promoting wellbeing. The recommendations that are given provide guidance on infection control and taking precautions. These should be applied by all healthcare personnel, and other carers, to the care of patients in all healthcare settings. For example, hands must be washed immediately before each and every episode of direct patient contact or care, and after any activity or contact that could potentially result in hands becoming contaminated. Another example is, when handling and disposing sharp objects. Sharps must not be passed directly from hand to hand and handling should be kept to a minimum. Also needles must not be recapped, bent, broken or opened before use or disposal. This is to ensure that infections do not spread and no one gets hurt with the needles. When it comes to precautions then these guidelines say that precautions should be taken with care. Health care professionals should ensure that these precautions benefit the patients who have TB and also prevent anyone else from getting these ill. For example, isolation nursing. The guideline says that this should be done to prevent anyone else from catching the infection and to stop the infection from spreading. What is Tuberculosis (TB)? Tuberculosis (TB) is a bacterial infection that is spread through inhaling tiny droplets from the coughs or sneezes of an infected person.It is a serious condition but can be cured with proper treatment. TB mainly affects the lungs but it can also affect any part of the body, including the bones and nervous system. In some cases the bacteria infect the body but do not cause any symptoms which are known as latent TB. It is called active TB if the bacteria causes symptoms.  A TB infection of the lungs is known as pulmonary TB but TB can occur outside the lungs, which is known as Extrapulmonary TB. What are my Concerns? My concerns are that the TB infection can spread from four patients to more. TB is caused by a type of bacterium called mycobacterium tuberculosis. TB is spread when a person with the TB infection in their lungs coughs or sneezes. Someone else needs to inhale and take in the droplets containing the TB bacteria. To catch it from someone else you would usually have to spend a long period of time in close contact with the infected person for you to catch the infection. For example, TB is more likely to spread between family members who live in the same house. This is because family members are living and are around the infection person mostly. This means they are at more risk of catching the infection. It would be very unlikely for someone to become infected by sitting next to an infected person on a bus. It is my concern that some of my other patients will be able to catch the infection from the four patients who already have TB. This is a concern because we do not want all the patients within our ward being infected with TB. TB is a serious infection. Why I need to prevent an outbreak? I need to prevent this outbreak because TB is an infection which could harm the person who has it. If untreated the patients can become worse. Also we need to prevent it from spreading. This is done to ensure that other people do not catch the infection. Also when one person has the infection then it will keep spreading and everyone in the hospital will be sick. This will be done by isolation. This is when we isolate the patient away from the other patients. This ensures that this infection is not able to spread to anyone else. This means the infection will keep spreading. The bacteria enters our body and once it has entered our body it starts to multiply and because it is a bacterial infection it does not need to attach to another cell to multiply. It is able to multiply on its own. After multiplying it starts to cause mycobacterium infection. Our immune system cannot stop the TB bacteria from growing and spreading after the infection has started to spread into our body. Medication and treatment is then needed for the body to then recover. Preventing an outbreak is important because it can spread and start  to infect other people. If a person is around someone that has been infected then they need to make sure that you stay away from them. This is because the individual is able to catch the infection from affected items and affected people. The NICE guidelines:â€Å"It has long been recognised that people who are sputum microscopy positive from spontaneously expectorated sputum are those cases with the highest infectivity, and pose a risk to household and other close contacts such as workplace contacts. For these reasons, traditionally, patients with pulmonary disease in whom tuberculosis is suspected are isolated in a single room.† Isolation nursing is one way in which an outbreak of infection can be prevented. The Department of Health guidelines:â€Å"This section discusses the evidence and associated recommendations for the use of person al protective equipment by healthcare workers in general care settings, including aprons, gowns, gloves, eye protection and face masks. Where appropriate, in addition to the grade of the evidence underpinning the recommendations, there is an indication of a Health and Safety requirement. The decision to use or wear personal protective equipment must be based upon an assessment of the level of risk associated with a specific patient care activity or intervention and take account of current health and safety legislation.† Using personal and professional equipment is another way in which an outbreak can be prevented. The doctors, nurses and other professionals working in a hospital should make sure that they do everything that prevents the infection from spreading to the workers, all the patients and visitors. Preventing an outbreak is important because we do not want other people getting ill. TB is a serious bacterial infection. Preventing other people from getting it is important. What are the risks and damage of an outbreak on staff, patients, visitors and their families? The risks of this are that staff, patients, visitors and their families are able to catch the TB illness. This is a risk because we will have more patients in the hospital with TB. Once a person is infected with TB bacteria, the chance of developing TB disease is higher if the person; has HIV infection, has been recently infected with TB bacteria (in the last 2 years), has other health problems, like diabetes, that make it hard for the body to fight bacteria, abuses alcohol or uses illegal drugs; or was not treated correctly for TB infection in the past. The damage of  this is that it then damages the individual’s body. This is because they go into getting further illnesses in the future. The department of Health Guidelines: â€Å"The incidence of TB is influenced by risk factors such as exposure to, and susceptibility to, TB and levels of deprivation (poverty, housing, nutrition a nd access to healthcare), and differs in different parts of England and Wales. Where scientific evidence supports it, this guideline makes recommendations on service organisation, as well as for individual teams of healthcare professionals. The guideline aims to focus NHS resources where they will combat the spread of TB, and some sections deal with high- and low-incidence areas separately. The NICE guidelines: â€Å"Anyone exposed to TB bacteria can become infected but people at particular risk are those that are less able to fight infection. Those at risk include: Household and frequent contacts of infectious cases, those who have lived in, travel to or receive visitors from places where TB is still very common, those who live in ethnic minority communities originating from places where TB is very common, those with immune systems weakened by HIV infection, the very young and the elderly, as their immune systems are less robust, those with chronic poor health and nutrition because of lifestyle problems such as homelessness, drug abuse or alcoholism, those living in poor or crowded housing conditions, including those living in hostels. Other conditions that suppress immunity such as renal failure and chemotherapy and diabetes increase the likelihood of reactivation of TB.† What precautions do we need to take? Personal and Professional Equipment is a regulation which protects the person at work from any risk/harm to their health and safety. We need to make sure that we use the right equipment. This will ensure that we are safe. It will also ensure that everything is done well while at work. Wearing/using personal and professional equipment prevents contact with a infectious agent of a bodily fluid that may contact an infectious agent by creating a barrier between the potential infection and then the worker. For example, if we wear a duck mask then it blocks our nose and mouth. These are two portals in which infections can come into a person. That I why blocking these two portals of entry is important so the infection is not able to get into people. If a nurse or doctor does go into the room to then they need to make sure they use personal and professional equipment. This will ensure that they are protected from the infection. The NICE guidelines: â€Å"Healthcare workers caring for people with TB should not use masks, gowns or barrier nursing techniques unless: MDR TB (multidrug-resistant Tuberculosis) is suspected or aerosol-generating procedures are being performed. When such equipment is used, the reason should be explained to the person with TB. The equipment should meet the standards of the Health and Safety Executive which is mentioned in section 9.3.†The Department of Health Guidelines: â€Å"This section discusses the evidence and associated recommendations for the use of personal protective equipment by healthcare workers in general care settings, including aprons, gowns, gloves, eye protection and face masks. Where appropriate, in addition to the grade of the evidence underpinning the recommendations, there is an indication of a Health and Safety requirement. The decision to use or wear personal protective equipment must be based upon an assessment of the level of risk associated with a specific patient care activity or intervention and take account of current health and safety legislation.† Isolation is one more thing which health and social care professionals need to take care of. By isolated patients who have TB is another precaution which needs to be taken. TB is able to spread to other people who do not have TB. That’s why it is important to make sure that we keep the patients who have TB away and isolate them. This needs to be done to ensure that the patient is isolated to prevent illness from spreading. We need to isolate the micro-organism and make sure that the person stays isolated until the TB infection is not treated. The NICE guidelines:â€Å"This isolation has been recommended until three separate sputum tests have been analysed on the patient. If these tests are negative, the patient is usually considered to cause a significantly lower infection risk. They may then be moved from the single room to a shared ward, provided there are no HIV-positive or other patients with major issues on the same ward. If patients are tested positive for tuberculosis, and need to be admitted to hospital, isolation is required until treatment makes the person non-infectious.†The Department of Health Guidelines:â€Å"It is recommended that patients with suspected or confirmed pulmonary TB who are admitted to hospital should remain isolated in a negative pressure room with airborne precautions applied, until discharge criteria are met. In principle these criteria include: a reduction in or  absence of cough, reduced smear burden or smear negativity, assured treatment and an appropriate discharge plan.† Also some other precautions that need to be taking are making sure that everything is clean and looked after. Cleanliness is very important because it prevents infections from spreading. Another precaution which needs to be taken it to make sure that all of the things which the patient with TB has used are disposed and cleaned properly. Also the patients clothes and linen should be washed separately from the other patients linen and clothing. This will ensure that infections do not spread. Taking all of these precautions is important because it ensures that patients, staff and visitors are safe and do not get any infections. The NICE guidelines: â€Å"Linen, Waste and Cleaning for bed linen, books, crockery or washing up facilities should be washed separately. Disposal of infected material should be as clinical waste per hospital policy. Rooms should be cleaned as normal/regularly and a normal full clean after discharge. Extra cleaning is unnecessary.† The department of Health Guidelines: â€Å"There are three levels of TB infection control: Administrative (managerial) control measures/ work place policy, environmental control measures, and personal protective equipment (respiratory protection). Administrative control measures are the most important since environmental control measures and personal protective equipment (respiratory protection) will not work in the absence of solid administrative control measures. Each level operates at a different point in the transmission process: administrative control measures reduce HCW and patient exposure; environmental control measures reduce the concentration of infectious droplet nuclei, personal protective devices (respiratory protection) protect HCWs in areas where the concentration of droplet nuclei cannot be adequately reduced by Administrative and environmental control measures.† How would we educate staff, visitors and patients? Education is vital for people. If we educate staff, visitors and patients about TB then they would be more aware of what TB is, how it affects the body and how to prevent yourself from getting TB. We could do this through putting up posters around the ward and hospital. We could also make leaflets and hand them out to patients and visitors around the hospital. Also doctors and  nurses could speak to family members and friends and tell them about TB. Doing all of this will make people more aware of TB and the risks of it.The Department of Health Guidelines: â€Å"It is recommended that service providers aim to improve awareness of TB among the public, the professions and local authority agencies. Experience suggests that targeted campaigns tailored to the local population work better than national campaigns. Examples include: keeping local GPs informed about local TB services and reminding them of the importance of screening new entrants on arrival and on an ongoing basis. Keeping GPs aware of prompt referral systems. Resourcing TB services adequately so that they are not only involved in teaching clinical colleagues, but also in raising awareness of TB, particularly among high-risk groups; and informing clinicians of peer group networks and encouraging them to seek advice on treatment where appropriate. The NICE guidelines:â€Å"During the development of the guideline, patient and carer representatives on the GDG highlighted these suggestions: a single national source of high-quality TB information in relevant languages, and formats for vision- or hearing-impaired people. TB services to assess local language and other communication needs, and accordingly make information from the national source available locally. Clear discussion between healthcare professionals, people with (or at risk from) TB and their carers about tests, treatment, contact tracing and infection control measures, to enable understanding. People with both HIV and TB to be provided with information about the different specialties who may provide care during and after their treatment for TB. Contact tracing explained and handled sensitively to avoid misunderstanding and stigma. Information set out so as not to medicalise the patient. TB services providing each patient completing anti-tuberculosis treatment with clear ‘inform and advise’ information.† D1: ASSESS HOW THE SUGGESTED MEASURES TO MANAGE AN OUTBREAK OF INFECTION MEET LEGAL REQUIREMENTS AND GUIDELINES OF THE PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF INFECTION IN A HEALTH AND SOCIAL CARE SETTING One of the measures that we will use to prevent the outbreak of TB is by using personal and professional equipment. By usingpersonalandprofessionalequipmentit ensures that we are safe. It makes sure that we are trying our best to prevent ourselves from getting any infections. Doing this is important because we need to make sure that the bacterial infection does not get into us.Personal and Professional Equipment  protects a person in hospital from any risk/harm to their health and safety. We need to make sure that we use the right equipment to ensure that we are safe. Wearing/using personal and professional equipment prevents contact with an infectious agent of a bodily fluid that may contact an infectious agent by creating a barrier between the potential infection and then the worker. The NICE guidelines say about Personal and Professional Equipment: â€Å"Healthcare workers caring for people with TB should not use masks, gowns or barrier nursing techniques unless: MDR TB (multidrug-resistant Tuberculosis) is suspected or aerosol-generating procedures are being performed. When such equipment is used, the reason should be explained to the person with TB.†The Department of Health Guidelines say about Personal and Professional Equipment: â€Å"This section discusses the evidence and associated recommendations for the use of personal protective equipment by healthcare workers in general care settings, including aprons, gowns, gloves, eye protection and face masks . The decision to use or wear personal protective equipment must be based upon an assessment of the level of risk associated with a specific patient care activity or intervention and take account of current health and safety legislation.† The strengths of this measure are that by using personal and professional equipment it protects the person at work or visitors from any risk/harm to their health and safety. We need to make sure we use the right equipment. PPE prevents contact with a infectious agent or a bodily fluid that may contact an infectious agent by creating a barrier between the potential infection and the worker. This is important because it prevent the infection from getting into other people. We need to make sure that we prevent the infection from getting to anyone else. It ensures people are safe. Also teaching this to people who do not know e.g. visitors and family members of the patient is also important. This gives them an understanding of how serious the illness is and what should be done to prevent it. It makes them more aware and next time if someone else they know catches TB then they will know what personal and professional equipment to use and the important of them. A weakness of this is that sometimes people might forget to use them. They might go into the patient’s isolated room and not realise that they have forgot to put on equipment. This is a weakness because if people forget to put on protective equipment then they are more likely of catching the TB infection. Also when visitors come into  the hospital then they might not know that they have to use personal and protective equipment, especially children. The nurses or doctors need to make sure that they are there at the ward and are telling visitors about the importance of personal protective equipment. This is another weakness. This is because nurses and doctors might be busy with many other patients within the hospital. They might not always be there to tell the visitors. Meanwhile the visitors might go into the isolation room without realising. Isolation is one more thing which health and social care professionals need to take care of. By isolated patients who have TB is anothe r precaution which needs to be taken. TB is able to spread to other people who do not have TB. That’s why it is important to make sure that we keep the patients who have TB away and isolate them. This needs to be done to ensure that the patient is isolated to prevent illness from spreading. We need to isolate the micro-organism and make sure that the person stays isolated until the TB infection is not treated. The NICE guidelines say about Isolation:â€Å"This isolation has been recommended until three separate sputum tests have been analysed on the patient. If these tests are negative, the patient is usually considered to cause a significantly lower infection risk. They may then be moved from the single room to a shared ward, provided there are no patients with major issues on the same ward. If patients are tested positive for tuberculosis, and need to be admitted to hospital, isolation is required until treatment makes the person non-infectious.†The Department of Health Guidelines say:â€Å"It is recommended that patients with suspected or confirmed TB who are admitted to hospital should remain isolated in a negative pressure room with airborne precautions applied, until discharge criteria are met. In principle these criteria include: a reduction in or absence of cough, reduced smear burden or smear negativity, assured treatment and an appropriate discharge plan.† Strengths of isolation are that it protects the patient from getting any other infection from other people. Isolation nursing also protects staff, visitors and families/friends that have come into the hospital. This is very important because the patients are protected from getting any other illnesses which will make their TB. Also another benefit of isolation is that it gives time for the patient to recover. The patient is alone and isolated which lets them rest and recovery time. This is important for the patient. On the other hand if they were on a shared  ward with other patients then they might not get time to rest and also with visitors as well. Weaknesses of isolation are that the patients might feel socially and emotionally isolated. This is not good for them. They might not like the fact that they are isolated and could feel restricted. This could then lead to them refusing to go into isolation. It is important that they go into isolation because if they don’t then it leads to their infection getting worse as their body is vulnerable and could catch other illnesses. Also they could infect other people with their illnesses which then make them ill. It might make the people isolated moody and depressed. This is not good for them. The aim of isolation nursing is to isolate the micro-organism and not the patient even though the patient is still being isolated. Also some other precautions that need to be taking are making sure that everything is clean and looked after. Cleanliness is very important because it prevents infections from spreading. Another precaution which needs to be taken it to make sure that all of the things which the patient with TB has used are disposed and cleaned properly. Also the patients clothes and linen should be washed separately from the other patients linen and clothing. This will ensure that infections do not spread. Taking all of these precautions is important because it ensures that patients, staff and visitors are safe and do not get any infections. The NICE guidelines say: â€Å"Linen, Waste and Cleaning for bed linen, books, crockery or washing up facilities should be washed separately. Disposal of infected material should be as clinical waste per hospital policy. Rooms should be cleaned as normal/regularly and a normal full clean after discharge. Extra cleaning is unnecessary.† The department of Health Guidelines say: â€Å"There are three levels of TB infection control: Administrative (managerial) control measures/ work place policy, environmental control measures, and personal protective equipment (respiratory protection). Administrative control measures are the most important since environmental control measures and personal protective equipment (respiratory protection) will not work in the absence of solid administrative control measures. Each level operates at a different point in the transmission process: administrative control measures reduce HCW and patient exposure; environmental control measures reduce the concentration of infectious droplet nuclei, personal protective devices (respiratory  protection) protect HCWs in areas where the concentration of droplet nuclei cannot be adequately reduced by Administrative and environmental control measures.†

Tietam Brown Critique essays

Tietam Brown Critique essays The book Tietam Brown was written by two time New York Times best selling author, Mick Foley. The novel is his third book, and his first fiction. His first two books, Have A Nice Day!: A Tale of Blood and Sweat Socks and Foley is Good: And the Real World is Faker Than Wrestling are autobiographies about his life and career in the world of professional wrestling. Tietam Brown is his first attempt at writing fiction, and a tremendous success. Foley mixes a blend of immature humor, teenage emotions and a very disturbing look at the perversions that, while not always in the mainstream, is definably evident in the modern day world. He makes his characters easy to connect to, by putting them into situations that while most people have not had, are easy to relate to. Foley also uses a very unique style of writing that allows him to put a humorous point to even the darkest situations, and make the reader feel like they are being told the story from the point of the main character. An exa mple of this is found in Her hand was entwined with mine, in what was the most romantic moment of my life, with all due respect to the two young men who tried to forcibly sodomize me during my stay at the Petersburg Home for Boys.[pg12]. The story keeps the reader captivated from start to finish, using memories to give more background on the protagonist. The story follows the life of a eighteen year old boy named Antietam Brown V. Andy, as he is often called, has a less than perfect life, spending the better part of it in foster homes and correctional facilities. Andy lost his right ear and the use of his right hand in a car crash when he was young. His mother died while giving birth to him and his father abandoned him after six months. The story starts off after a date with the high school cheer leading captain Terri Johnson. Andy had been recently reunited with his dad, who like Andy is named ...

How to Write a Dissertation in Shakespeare Studies the Only Guide You Need for Success

How to Write a Dissertation in Shakespeare Studies the Only Guide You Need for Success A dissertation is an academic paper that details your research and findings on a particular topic and is the result of the work you carried out as a part of your efforts to earn an academic degree. In fact, the quality of your dissertation accounts for 90 percent of how your candidature is going to be evaluated, which means that you should spare no effort in gathering information, doing research and writing it up. A dissertation is an extremely time-consuming, complex and just plain difficult assignment to write, as it requires you to choose a sufficiently original venue of research, comprehensively study the existing body of literature on the subject, carry out your research following a carefully established methodology and provide plenty of proof for your hypothesis. There can be no half-measures: dissertation committees are always extremely strict and attentive to details in their evaluations, and even mild mistakes or flaws can mean rewriting the entire work from scratch or even having to choose another subject and start over. When it comes to Shakespeare studies, things are even more complicated. It is a narrow field that has a rather firmly delineated research methods and principles, and it is quite easy to make an error that will force you to, at the very least, rewrite huge swathes of your work. How to Choose an Original Topic for Your Shakespeare Studies Dissertation One of the main problems you are going to encounter when selecting a topic for your dissertation is that Shakespeare studies is a fairly narrow field that has been meticulously and systematically studied for centuries. It is limited to the works of a single author, and it is only very rarely that something genuinely new is discovered about them. In effect, you have to find a new topic in a field that has been picked clean of any original research questions – ultimately it can turn out to be a greater challenge than the writing per se. However, there are ways to streamline the process of selection and make sure you find a reasonably creative topic. 1. Focus on a Particular Work With about 40 plays, over 150 sonnets, two long narrative poems and a few other smaller works attributed to William Shakespeare, you have a lot to choose from. Focus on a specific work is a viable option. However, each of them has already been the subject of its fair share of research, which means that generic topics like â€Å"The Image of Caliban in The Tempest† are not a very good idea. Try looking for an unusual angle to study the work of your choice, for example: Comparison with another of Shakespeare’s writings; Specific element of imagery or symbolism in the play; Its relation to other Shakespeare’s works of the period; Shakespeare’s interpretation of the historical setting he uses; Popular scholarly arguments related to the play; Peculiarities of language and rhetorical devices used in this particular writing. 2. Focus on the Authorship of the Writing For the most prominent playwright in the English literature, surprisingly little is known about Shakespeare, his life and work. Even now scholars are not 100 percent sure that he wrote all the texts attributed to him by general consensus, and different authorities have different opinions on the provenance of some of these works. Some texts, like Arden of Faversham, have possibly been written by Shakespeare, with no comprehensive evidence for or against it. Others, like Edward III, have been printed anonymously and have strong indications of at least partial authorship by Shakespeare. Still others, like Henry VIII, were collaborations between Shakespeare and other authors, but nobody knows for sure which parts were written by whom. Other, less popular theories, claim that Shakespeare did not even write the plays commonly attributed by him, and even that Shakespeare himself was no more than a collaborative pseudonym of a group of writers. All this opens a rich venue for research. 3. Focus on Historical Background and How It Is Reflected in Shakespeare’s Work The theatre of the Elizabethan age was quite different from what we are used to now, and it is important to take into account that Shakespeare wrote his plays with contemporary realia in mind. It is commonly known that women were not allowed on stage during this period; there are, however, many more peculiarities that influenced the way Shakespeare constructed his plays. For example, Elizabethan theatre typically used large stages that could accommodate many people at once, which allowed for large scenes, sometimes divided into several individual smaller scenes indicating events happening simultaneously. At the same time, the audience was seated far closer to the scene than today, with a sharp vertical gradient – this means that actors could talk in stage whispers and still be heard by all attending. These are just two examples of how the medium influenced the plays – you can dig further and find other factors. 4. Focus on a Specific Theme across Multiple Works Like any other writer, Shakespeare had a number of themes that dominated more than one of this works. You can choose one of them and analyze its importance across several texts. The themes can range from something simple and self-evident, like love, friendship or politics, to complex ideas of your own creation. 5. Focus on Shakespeare’s Language The English used by Shakespeare was very different from the English we all are used to today, to the point that his unadapted texts are almost unintelligible for a modern English speaker without a hefty dose of references. Not only did the language go through many changes since then, but it also was far less standardized at the time, which leads to further confusion. Naturally, all this opens up great possibilities for research, aimed at such things as: Alternative translations of words and phrases; Alternative interpretations of the more obscure fragments of the original texts; Deeper analysis of meaning based on better understanding of particular words and phrases; And so on. All in all, despite Shakespeare’s work having been thoroughly studied for generations, there are still topics to be researched. Here are some ideas you may find useful: The Role of Structure in Expression of the Meaning in Shakespearean Sonnets; Parent-Children Relations in Shakespearean Plays and Their Connection to the Poet’s Family; Shakespearean Fool as the Voice of Reason at the Center of Insane World; Edward III and Its Authors: Shakespeare’s Role in the Play’s Creation; The Influence of the Principles of Elizabethan Theatre on the Structure of Julius Caesar. How to Properly Structure Your Dissertation in Shakespeare Studies A dissertation is a highly complex piece of work, with different colleges and other educational institutions having their own ideas of how exactly one should structure it. This means that the plan we offer here is just a recommendation – if your supervisor gives you instructions that differ or contradict what you see here, you should naturally follow the guidelines provided by your university. For example, a dissertation may be structured as a long essay, with a main thesis, an argument supporting it flowing through the entire body of the paper and chapters covering individual points or themes. However, what you will find here can help you better understand what you should write in different parts of your paper if they are present in the structure you are offered. Title Page The requirements for a title page differ from college to college and professor to professor, but normally you put all identifying information about your paper here: its title, your name and department, your college, degree program you write your dissertation for, submission date, etc. Ask your supervisor what exactly and in what order you should write. Acknowledgements An optional part to list everybody you want to thank for their help in writing the dissertation. Abstract Here you provide a short summary of your research. Although it usually goes as the first meaningful part of a dissertation, it should be that last part of it you write, because by the time you work on it you should already know how your research went and what results you achieved. A typical abstract is about 200-300 words long and contains: The main topic and purpose of your research; Your methodology; The most important results; Conclusions you have come to. Despite its negligible size, an abstract is probably the most important part of a dissertation, as it is the first (and often the only) part of it that the audience reads. So make sure it is short, clear and to the point. Table of Contents This part contains all the headings and subheadings of your dissertation along with the accompanying page numbers. Make sure you include all parts here, including the appendices. Glossary This part should be included if you used many obscure terms and expressions that some of the readers may not know. Put them in alphabetical order and give short definitions. Introduction Introduction leads up to the main part of your research, and should delineate your dissertation’s topic, define your research goals and explain why your work is important and relevant. It performs the following functions: Names the topic and provides basic background data; Defines the focus of your research and separates it from irrelevant information; Provides a short overview of the existing research on the subject matter, mentioning how your work refers to it, why it is necessary and what new information you hope to uncover; Defines the questions you want to answer and sets your goals; Gives a short overview of the paper’s structure. The introduction should answer three questions: what, why and how you intend to research. Answer them in as few words and as directly as you can. Literature Review No academic work exists in isolation, especially in such a heavily researched field as Shakespeare studies. In this part, you show that you have sufficient knowledge of the existing literature on the subject. This means that by the time you write this part you should: Gather relevant sources. The majority of them should come from peer-reviewed academic journals and books by recognized authorities on Shakespeare, although other sources should be used as well. The best approach is to maintain balance: use some high-authority sources and other types, such as websites, bestselling books and so on, to show the breadth of your research. You can find most sources you need using online academic search engines and databases like Google Scholar, EBSCO Academic Search or JSTOR; Evaluate and sift through them. Some sources are biased or affiliated with organizations that may be the source of tendentious conclusions. Before using a source, try to define if it is to be trusted; Make conclusions based on the bigger picture. You should not just summarize everything that was written on the subject so far, but also show the existing books and articles in relation to each other. For example, you can identify gaps in the research that your work will fill in, conflicts between the existing points of view that you aim to resolve, patterns that can be drawn further, to cover additional works by Shakespeare and so on. Methodology A dissertation is not a freeform assignment; it has to be carried out following a particular set of methods, and in this section, you have to enumerate and explain them. What exactly this section should include depends on the nature of your research, but most often this is: Research type (e.g., qualitative or quantitative); Data collection methods (archives, linguistic analysis, etc.); Information on where and how you have obtained your data; Analysis methods; Equipment and tools you used (e.g., software); Problems you have encountered and how you have dealt with them. This section should carefully describe what and how you did and persuade the reader that your choice of methods was optimal for the chosen research. Results and Discussion Sometimes these constitute a single section, sometimes they are separated – refer to your professor and college guidelines to know for sure. In Results, you enumerate all your findings that are relevant to your original research questions. In Discussion, you analyze what the results of your research mean in relation to research questions and the existing body of research on the topic. Did you expect these results? How can your findings be interpreted alternatively? What are the limitations of your research? What could have influenced the outcome of your work? Conclusion Here you give the answer to your main research question, reflect on your work in its entirety, how you approached your task and point out promising potential venues for further research based on your findings. This section should make it clear how your dissertation added to the existing knowledge on Shakespeare’s work and why it was worth doing. How to Edit Your Dissertation on Shakespeare to Achieve Optimal Results With its complicated structure and numerous sources it is based on, your average dissertation can go wrong in dozens of different ways. Therefore, it is wrong to think that the work on it is finished once you have written the final line. If you want it to be accepted, you have to spend a lot of time editing and perfecting it. Here are a few things you should pay attention to. 1. Review the Guidelines Dissertation committees are extremely strict about the rules. Mistakes in formatting or suchlike can be just as disastrous for the overall result as wrong choice of methodology. Study the formatting style you have been told to use, the guidelines of the college and personal instructions of your professor and make sure you have followed them correctly. 2. Do not Do It in One Sitting You have not written your dissertation in one sitting, and you should not try to do the editing this way. Whether you read it multiple times in search for different types of mistakes or make a single slow sweep correcting all types of mistakes as you go along, break your work into segments and take breaks. When you leave off, mark the place where you finished to continue from it later. 3. Know Your Weaknesses Each person has typical mistakes to look out for. Make a list of mistakes you know you have been making in the past, and check with it as you proofread. 4. Check for Missing and Superfluous Parts As you read your dissertation, analyze it one paragraph at a time and evaluate every detail, asking yourself whether you truly need it to make your point. If not, delete it. When you have finished a paragraph, check if anything is missing and add any information you need to prove its point. 5. Use Proofreading Tools Proofreading tools like Grammarly and Readable are limited in their functionality and cannot replace a determined proofreader, but they can help you notice mistakes and flaws. Just don’t take everything they tell at face value, and you will be alright. Now you are ready to handle your own dissertation without asking anybody for help. Check with our manual as you write, and even the most difficult topic will not give you any trouble!